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ANAT 314 > Lecture 4: Vertebral column > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What is defining feature of vertebrates

A

Vertebral column = core part of axial skeleton

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2
Q

What does vertebral column consist of

A

Series of articulating bones and associated connective tissues

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3
Q

What does vertebral column do

A

Protects spinal cord
Provides anchorage for limb girdles (scaffolding), and as an msk system = enables axial movement

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4
Q

How many vertebrae

A

Mode = 33
But ranges from 32-34

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5
Q

Name neck vertebrae

A

7 cervical = c1-c7

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6
Q

Name chest/rib cage vertebra

A

12 thoracic = t1-12

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7
Q

Name tailbones

A

Sacrum = 5 fused = s1-4
Coccyx = 3-5 fused coccygeal, 1-4,variably present, v small, sometimes just do not develop

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8
Q

How many curvatures of vertebral column

A

Adult humans = have 4
In normal Sagittal plane

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9
Q

Describe primary curvatures

A

Kyphosis = originates in embryonic/fetal dev in all vertebrates = consequence of hoe embryo dev, against yolk sac = curved
THORACIC AND SACRAL

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10
Q

Describe secondary curvatures

A

Lordosis
Develop in early post natal growth = when we start walking on 2 limbs
CERVCIAL AND LUMBAR

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11
Q

Describe evolutionary fun fact

A

SECONDary lordoses are unique to humans = help align centre of mass of head/trunk over the feet = reduces muscle effort required to stand up
= align weight fo trunk and head of where we support weight on ground with feet
In chimpanzee = one long primary kyphosis, creates more theories to resist when walk on 2 legs

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12
Q

Describe clinical not so fun fact

A

Misalignments due to abnormal curvatures = increase back/neck muscle work and strain on the vertebrae/disks
Biomechanics out of sync = muscles used more to resist torques

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13
Q

Describe thoracic kyphosis

A

More flexion torques, tendency of head and neck to go forwards
In sagittal plane

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14
Q

Describe lumbar lordosis

A

Excessive extension torque
Sagittal plane

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15
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

Coronal plane = not sagittal
Want vert column to be parallel to Sagittal plane
Lat flex and extension

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16
Q

Describe vertebrae = regions

A

All vertebrae share some basic features in common = but in each region = develop to various extents

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17
Q

Describe normal vertebra

A

Superior articular process and facet
Inferior articular process and facet

All but one vert = has vertebral body
Vertebral neural arch = enclose spinal cord

Transverse processes = bilateral, sticks out along transverse axis
Spinous process = line up with sagittal plane

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18
Q

What is intervertebral foramen

A

Inf vert notches of sup vert
Sup vert notches of inf vert =
Form intervertebral foramina = where spinal nerves pass
Bilateral,between 2 vert, spinal nerves passing
Notches = created by body and processes

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19
Q

What are vertebral foramen

A

Formed by vert body and arch

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20
Q

What is vertebral canal

A

Stacked vertebral foramina = forms vert Canal = where spinal cord runs

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21
Q

Describe defining features of cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid= split spinous process, variably present
Large triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse foramina = for vertebral arteries, from trunk up into cranial cavity
Short transverse processes

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22
Q

What is atlas

A

C1

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23
Q

What is axis

A

C2

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24
Q

Describe features of atlas

A

No body
Lateral masses = facet onto
Posterior arch
No vertebral body
Anterior arch = articulates With dens
Superior articular facets= articulate with skull

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25
Describe features of axis
Involved in particular motion of head and neck Dens = odontoid process = axis around c1 and head can rotate together = head rot
26
Describe defining features of thoracic vertebra
Heart shaped vertebral body Circular vertebral foramen Facets for rib attachment = 3 articular facets Long narrow sloped spinous process, skinny
27
Describe defining features of lumbar vertebra
L4-5 more Smaller triangular vertebral Foramen Kidney shaped vertebral body = larger than thoracic ones = bc supporting more weight = want it to be dissipated along greater area Short, wide spinous process
28
What is atypical about t12
Whole facet on body of t12 = bc rib 12 atypical
29
Describe sacrum
Part of pelvic girdle with innominate bones with pelvis Solid wall for pelvis
30
What vertebrae make up sacrum
S1-5
31
wHat vertebrae make up coccyx
3-5
32
Describe sacrum = sacral promontory
Makes angle that projects out
33
Describe sacrum = Ala
Flare, fused transverse processes of s1 Ends at sacroiliac joint
34
Describe sacrum = Transverse ridges
Marks separation
35
Describe sacrum = Intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves come out
36
Describe sacrum = Ant/post sacral foramina
On both sides where rami come out
37
Describe sacrum = Sacral canal
Continuation of vertebral canal
38
Describe sacrum = Sacral crests
Median sacral crest = fused spinous processes Lateral sacral crest = remnants transverse processes of vertebrae
39
Describe sacrum = Sacral hiatus
S5 nerve and coccygeal nerve pass
40
Describe Atlanto occipital joint
2 separate condylar joints = 2 articular facets, reciprocal for condole
41
Describe Atlanto occipital joint = FUNCTION
Head flexion and extension = nodding Minimal lateral flexion and extension, axial rotation of skull relative to c1
42
Describe Atlanto occipital joint = RESTS ON
Occipital condoles = where articulates with atlas
43
Describe Atlanto occipital joint = NAME SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS
Posterior atlanto occipital membrane Tectorial membrane
44
DESCRIBE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
On posterior aspect of vert body Attaches to occipital-bone in skull = goes through foramen magnum and mesh with dura mater
45
DESCRIBE POSTERIOR ATLANTO OCCIPITAL MEMBRANE
Keeps atlas and occipital bone together
46
Describe Atlanto axial joint
C1-C2 Anterior arch of c1 around dens Dens with 2 articular facets = c1 and c2
47
Describe Atlanto axial joint = articulations
Median = dens and ant arch, pivot joint, c1-c2 Lateral = articular processes = 2x, slides, planar joint
48
Describe Atlanto axial joint = alar ligaments
Secures dens to skull
49
Describe Atlanto axial joint = transverse ligaments
Completes pivot joint = turns it into true pivot joint Encircles dens and keeps it against anterior arch of c1, Function = axial rotation, other joint surfaces = facilitate rotation, oriented in specific way so wont block pivoting motion
50
Describe Atlanto axial joint = cruciform ligaments
Longitudinal fibers supporting the dens
51
Describe zygapophyseal joints
Between Articualr process and facets of 2 neighbouring joints Paired, left and right articulations between facets on superior and inferior articualr prcoesses of adjacent vert
52
Describe zygapophyseal joints = CLASSIFICATION
Synovial, plane/gliding translation Level of movement depends on where = orientation, which spinal level
53
Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT CERVICAL SPINE
Facets aligned with transverse plane Especially c1-c2, complements median pivot joint Axial rotation, some flex ext laterally, large rom
54
Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT THORACIC SPINE
Facets in coronal plane Axial rot = some Some flex,ext, lateral flex ext
55
Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT LUMBAR SPINE
Facets in sagittal plane Lat flex ext Some flex ext
56
DESCRIBE INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS
Solid joints = symphyses Between 2 adjacent vert bodies Separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk V limited motion
57
What are the parts of intervertebral disk
Annulus fibrosus = fibrous ring = inner ring and outer tougher ring, relatively inelastic Nucleus pulposus = middle, gel like, collagen rich, elastic, absorb shock, cushions
58
What is disk herniation
Holds lots of weight = so when annulus degenerates = disk herniation Progressive protrusion of nucleus pulposus through weak spots in annulus fibrosus Often in lumbar region = greatest weight bearing region Creates nerve impingements = pain, numbness, tingling
59
Can disk herniation happen anywhere on spine
Not in sacral region bc no disk
60
Describe disk herniation = Gen
Large vert body absorbs much shock when walk L4-5 ot l5-s1 = most common place Transition from lumbar lordosis to sacral kyphosis = can protrude and squeeze cauda equina, impinges
61
Describe central herniation
Straight back extrusion = impinge cauda equina
62
Describe posterolateral herniation
Sideway =hit dorsal root ganglion = cell bodies of aff
63
Name the stages of disc herniation
Stage 1 = degeneration 2= protrusion 3 = extrusion 4= sequestration
64
Describe movements of vertebral column
Each zygaphophyseal joint (primarily here) on its own has limited move to btu sum of these small movements = makes for greater rom fo whole spine
65
Is it true that not all movements are possible at all joints/segments
NOOOO Sagittal flex ext, lateral flex ext, axial rot = possible at all joints/segments
66
What part is BEST at flexion extension
Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
67
What part is BEST at lateral flexion extension
Lumbar spine
68
What part is BEST at rotation of head and neck
Cervical spine
69
What part is BEST at rotation of upper trunk
Thoracic spine
70
What is reducing angle/increasing angle
Flex = reduce Ext = increase
71
What does ipsilateral extension =
Contralateral flexion
72
Describe ligaments of vertebral column
24 vert not fused = want them to be supported by ligs Ligaments maintain structural integrity of column and reinforce many joints Limite excessive motion in all 3 planes
73
Describe anterior posteriorr longitudinal ligaments = gen
Run length of vert column Along anterior and posterior borders of vert bodies Supports and limits movement
74
Describe anterior longitudinal ligament
Ant aspect Prevent excessive extension
75
Describe posterior longitudinal ligament
Crack open vert arches Prevent excessive flexion Continues as tectorial membrane at c1/c2 into skull, ligament =sacrum —> skull
76
What do longitudinal ligaments do
Best at limiting sagittal ext = ant lig Best at liming sagittal flex = post lig Both = limit axial rot (twisting)
77
What is nuchal ligament
In cervical region Broadening of supraspinous lig between c7 and occipital = helps prevent pitching of head (flex at atlanto occipital joint and cervical zygopophyseal joints)
78
What is supraspinous ligament
Along tips spinous processes Thicker
79
What is interspinous ligament
Between spines
80
What do interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do
Help limit flexion
81
What is ligament flavum
Extending between base vertebral arch of adjacent vertebrae
82
Describe intertransverse ligaments
Extending between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
83
What do ligament flavum and intertransverse ligaments both do
Limit ipsilateral extension (equiv = contralateral flexion)
84
Name lower back vertebrae
5 lumbar = L1-5

ANAT 314 (27 decks)

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