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ANAT 314 > Lecture 1: Bones, joints, ligaments > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Bones, joints, ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

What do we need to study movement

A

Understand relations/positions in space
= need common frame of reference

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2
Q

What do relations depend on

A

Position in space
= need common starting position

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3
Q

Describe change of position

A

Movement
Can occur in diff directions and use diff muscles
Diff planes
Need a common coordinate system

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4
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Starting position of human body
When discussing position orientation or movement of structures or parts of body

= standing up
Feet/toes pointing forwards
Arms at sides, palms facing forward
Eyes forward - head neutral

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5
Q

Describe anatomical planes and axes

A

Since body 3d = can divide body along 3 orthogonal planes - perpendicular to each other - with axes running perpendicularly through them

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6
Q

Name the 3 anatomical planes

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse

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7
Q

Describe Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into left and right halves
Along transverse axis

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8
Q

Describe coronal plane

A

Divides body into ant front and post back halves
Along sagittal axis

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9
Q

Describe transverse plane

A

Divides body into sup and inf halves at navel
Along longitudinal axis

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10
Q

Describe relative location

A

Planes/aces allow us to define the relagiove location of anatomical structures

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11
Q

Describe med lat

A

Medial = towards sagittal plane
Lateral = away sagittal plane
Thumb lat to pinky

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12
Q

Describe dorsal post vs ventral ant

A

Dorsal back post
Ventral ant stomach
Along coronal plane
Ear post to nose

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13
Q

Describe sup cranial bus inf caudal

A

Sup cranial skull
Inf caudal tail
Along transverse plane
Shoulder sup to hand

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14
Q

Describe proximal vs distal

A

Used in limbs
Pros = closer to trunk or origin
Distal = further away from trunk or origin, towards extremity
Elbow distal to shoulder, elbow proximal to wrist

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15
Q

Describe superficial vs deep

A

Superficial = closure to skin
Deep = further away form skin closer to bone
Femur deep to recuts femoris

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16
Q

What makes lever systems

A

Bones
Joints and muscles

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17
Q

What is a lever system

A

Consists of rigid beam - lever
That can rotate about a fixed point - centre of rotation or fulcrum- when forces applied

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18
Q

Point of lever system

A

In order to move big object
Apply one force in order to move another

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19
Q

Describe msk lever system

A

Levers = bones
Centers of rotation = joints
Forces applied =external (gravity, friction, doctor applying force), internal (muscular, counters ext force)

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20
Q

Describe forces in lever systems

A

Forces applied generate torques - trendy to rotate around joint
Aka movements
Whertehr lever rotates around centre depends on balance of internal and external torques
Determines movements
Overcomes /resist force

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21
Q

What does torque depend on

A

Forces and distances at which they are applied

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22
Q

Describe bones as levers

A

Rigid levers that allow internal forces from muscles to be transferred elsewhere to resist or overcome external forces and generate movement
Beam must be hard = bone, translate force over fulcrum

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23
Q

Describe bone roles

A

Many important physiological roles = hematopoiesis = make RBcs
Rigid levers

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24
Q

Describe bicep - bones as levers ex

A

Bones translate= from where force berated to where want to aact
Flexion = biceps contraction = internal force, generates torque, radius/ulna = lever, dumbbell weight = external force

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25
Describe if floppy radius/ulna (Harry Potter)
Force wasted, no matter how much torque generates
26
Describe nomenclature of bones
Skeleton = system Bone = tissue or individual element Bone as tissue = most rigid part of skeleton, but Skeleton also includes soft ct like ligaments Focus = bones as organs
27
Describe vertebrate skeleton
Divided into 2 main parts = each has many bones, broad division then divided by morphology
28
How many bones in human body
206
29
Describe axial skeleton
Defining feature of vertebrates Skull, vert column, ribs and sternum
30
Describe appendicular skeleton
In terrestrial vertebrates, comprised of pectoral girdle (belt), pelvic girdle, upper limb Skelton andf lower limb Skelton
31
Describe long bones
Long Slender Tubular Associated with limbs more Ex= humerus, tibia
32
Describe short bones
Short Cuboid Ex= carpals and tarsals
33
Describe sesamoid bones
Round/oval Develop in tendons Ex= patella, kneecap Others = in hands and feet Particular bone = develop within tendon, embedded entirely in tendon
34
Describe flat bones
Ex = bones of skull = neurocrnaium
35
Describe irregular bones
Do not fit into other categories Complex shapes, notches or ridged surfaces Ex = vertebrae, scapula, pelvis
36
Describe bone features
Bones have complex shape and features that reflect each bones unique function as levers Most features = enhance lever systems and or provide attachment surfaces for muscles and other ct
37
Define foramen
Opening or hole Passage through a bone
38
Define Fossa
Follow or depressed area, a shallow depression in bone Flat- for muscle attachment
39
Define Groove/sulcus
Long depression/indentation in a bone
40
Define Facet
Smooth /flat articulate surface
41
Define Condyle
Smooth Rounded articulate Surface at end of a bone - Latin for knuckle
42
Define epicondyle
Projection above condole = serves as surface for attachment of ligament/tendon
43
Define Process
Improve lever efficiency Outgrowth or bony projection Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
44
Define Tubercle
Smaller Modular eminence or outgrowth often for articulation or muscular attachment Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
45
Define Tuberosity
Even smaller and shallower Large/long, but shallow, eminence or ridge bony surface, rough bumpy feel Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
46
Name features of cervical vertebra c4
Superior articular facet Spinous process Transverse Foramen
47
Name features of right scapula
Coracoid process Subscapualr fossa = ventral surface of scapula
48
Name features of right humerus
Greater and lesser tubercle Deltoid tuberosity = where muscle inserts Bicipital groove = intertubercualr sulcus, bicep tendon here Lateral condyle= knuckle, convex, fits into concave shape, reciprocal Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle, above/near condyle
49
Describe joints
Articulation or arthrosis Site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together
50
Name 2 types of joints
Solid joints Snyovial joints = most
51
Describe solid joints
Bones are linked by ct (tough) With limited or no mobility = no motion almost
52
Name types of solid joints
Fibrous solid joints Cartilaginous solid joints
53
Describe fibrous solid joints
Only fibrous ct between
54
Name ex of fibrous solid joints
Suture of skull Gomphosis = teeth anchored to maxilla or mandible, periodontal ligament keeps it together Interosseous membrane = syndesmosis = fastened with band, tibio fibulae joint, tough ct sheet, thick band, jeeps 2 bones together
55
Describe cartilaginous solid joints
Cartilage involved
56
Give examples of cartilaginous solid joints
Synchondrosis = bone cartilage bone (1st sternocostal) or bone cartilage = Costochondral Symphysis = bone ribrocatrilage bone = cartilage and fibrous ct, intervertebral disks and pubic sumphysis
57
DESCRIbe synovial joints
As centers of rotation Most common joint in body Makes movement possible
58
Name the 4 universal components of synovial joints
Articulation cartilages Joint capsule = synvovial fluid, sybovial membrane, fibrous capsule
59
Describe articular cartilages of synvoial joints
Reciprocal surfaces of 2 or more bones +/- closely fitting depending on joints Normally smooth/glassy Articular facets/surfaces = closeness Defines stability
60
Describe synovial fluid of synvoial joints
Viscous Lubricates joint surfaces and provides nutrients to articular cartilage Ensure smooth gliding and nutrients / immune factors
61
Describe synovial membrane of synvoial joints
Contains cels that produce synovial fluid Vasculature Nerves
62
Describe fibrous capsule of synvoial joints
Outer fibrous membrane Often with local thickenings= ligaments
63
Describe degenerative joint disease - synovial joints
Like osteoarthritis Progressive loss of articular cartilage Over time = scrapes away cartilage, cartilage worn down to bone Stability depends on how well they fit into each other
64
Name 4 accessory components of synovial joints
Ligaments Articular disks Bursae Synovial sheaths
65
Describe ligaments - accessory components of synovial joints
Local thickening of the fibrous capsule Increase joint stability
66
Describe articular disks - accessory components of synovial joints
Iike knee meniscus Fibrocartilage Improve congruence of joint surfaces = help match
67
Describe bursae - accessory components of synovial joints
Fluid filled Between joint and surrounding tissues (skin, soft tissues), reduce friction and help glide In knee and shoulder
68
Describe synovial sheaths - accessory components of synovial joints
Around tendons that cross the joints Reduce friction Filled with synovial fluid Helps glide past joint capsule while reducing friction
69
Are joint capsules v tight around joint - synovial joints
Nawwwwww Extra spaces and folds Joint capsules can be spacious to allow increased range of motion without stretching membranes
70
What are ligaments
Bands of collagen rich fibrous ct Span across joints Between 2 or more bones Often - not always - thickened regions of fibrous joint capsule
71
Name 3 functions of ligaments
Stability and strengthen joints = keep bones closely packed Limit joint movement in certain directions Prevent distraction of the joint surfaces or dislocation
72
Describe carpal ligaments
8 carpal bones and many carpal ligaments Stabilize and strengthen joints To hold in place and maximized how much surfaces touch = to dissipate load over greater surface area
73
Describe cruiciate and collateral ligaments of knee
Lateral collateral lig, medial collateral lig = limit mediolateral translation Posterior crucial lig and anterior cruciate lig = limit axial rotation and anteroposterior translation of tibia to move back and forth on femur LIMIT JOINT movement
74
DESCRIBE GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS
Coracohumeral and glenohumeral lineaments Make up individual ligaments = individual thickenings of fibrous capsule Prevent dislocation Prevent distraction
75
Describe joint geometries
Diff types of joints - geometries have diff ranges of motion = rom Can span from a single to all 3 spatial axes
76
Name joint geometries from least to most movement rom
Planar Unixial = pivot, hinge Biaxial = saddle, condyloid (ellipsoid) Multiaxial
77
Describe planar joint geometry
No rotation Plane/gliding, small amount Ex= acromioclavicular joint, intervertebral disks
78
Describe uni axial joint geometry
Around one axis only Pivot = ex: humeroradial joint Hinge = ex: elbow (humeroulnar joint)
79
Describe biaxial joint geometry
Saddle = more stable, one convex, one concave Ex= thumb carpo-metacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint Condyloid = cup shape, with ball inside, flat, both convex, slips around more Ex= knee, wrist
80
Describe multi axial joint geometry
Around all 3 axes Most mobility Ex= hip, shoulder BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
81
What is special about bi and multi axial joint geometries
Can combine to get more motion Also move about their axes and various combos
82
Describe flexion
Movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts
83
Describe extension
Opposite of flexion Increase angle
84
Describe Abduction
Movement away from midline Median plane = trunk Increase angle
85
Describe Adduction
Opposite abd Movement towards midline Decrease angle
86
Describe Medial rotation
In anatomical position Rotation of ant surface towards median plane Around longitudinal axis Hip and shoulder = ball and socket joints, mostly axial rotation here Ex = rotate hip= moves foot, hip does med/lat rotation
87
Describe lateral rotation
Opposite of medial rotation Around longitudinal axis
88
Describe circumduction
Combo of flexion extension and abduction adduction Go in circle Any combo of motions Biaxial joint
89
Flexion/extension in what plane
Parasagittal plane
90
Describe movement in coronal plane
Add and abd
91
Describe fingers
Middle finger = midline Middle finger = adduction in both directions
92
Med lat what plane
Transverse plane

ANAT 314 (27 decks)

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