Lecture 1 - The Cell

Question 1

What do you have to do to look at something at the cellular level?

Answer 1

1. Preserve the tissue through fixation (Light/Electron)
2. Embed and Section
3. Stain

Question 2

How to preserve the tissue for Light Microscopy

Answer 2

Formalin

Question 3

How to preserve the tissue for Electron Microscopy

Answer 3

Glutaraldehyde + Osmium Tetroxide

Question 4

How to embed for Light Microscopy

Answer 4

Paraffin (1-10um sections)

Question 5

How to embed for EM

Answer 5

Resin (100nm sections)

Question 6

How to stain for Light Microscopy

Answer 6

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

Question 7

How to stain for EM

Answer 7

Osmium tetroxide

Question 8

Hematoxylin stains _____ this color: ____

Answer 8

Acids, blue

Question 9

Eosin stains _____ this color: _____

Answer 9

Bases, pink

Question 10

What parts of the cell are acidic?

Answer 10

DNA
RNA
Ribosomes

Question 11

What inside the cell would be considered basic?

Answer 11

Collagen

Proteins

Question 12

Advantages of Light Microscopy?

Answer 12

Many special stains
Many special techniques
Determining acids and bases

Question 13

Resolving power of LM

Answer 13

200nm

Question 14

Resolving power of EM

Answer 14

50pm

Question 15

What are plasma membranes made of?

Answer 15

Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

Question 16

What is the purpose of the phos bilayer? (2)

Answer 16

1. Allows lipid soluble molecules to freely diffuse across

2. Prevents water soluble molecules from freely diffusing across

Question 17

What is the function of cholesterol?

Answer 17

-keeps the membrane fluid

Question 18

What makes up the glycocalyx?

Answer 18

Carbohydrates

Question 19

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

Answer 19

Identification for immune cells to recognize self from non-self

Question 20

Distinguishing features of mitochondria?

Answer 20

• Elongated structure
• Inner/outer mitochondrial membrane –> cristae
• matrix granule

Question 21

What organelles are involved w/ the synthesis of integral membrane and exported proteins?

Answer 21

• Rough ER
• Golgi
• Ribosomes
• Secretory Vessicles

Question 22

If mRNA goes through free ribosomes, the mRNA is destined as _____

Answer 22

Cytosolic proteins

Question 23

If mRNA goes to the ER, the mRNA is destined as ____

Answer 23

Membrane, secreted proteins

Question 24

What color will a cell be stained that contains a lot of ribosomes?

Answer 24

Blue - Hematoxylin

RNA = acidic -> pics up basic stain

Question 25

What face of the golgi do transport vessicles come in?

Answer 25

cis face

Question 26

What face of the golgi do transport vessicles leave?

Answer 26

trans face

Question 27

What stain do you use for lysosomes?

Answer 27

Toluidine Blue

Question 28

Components of cytoskeleton

Answer 28

microfilaments - 7nm intermediate filaments - 10-12nm microtubules - 24nm

Question 29

What makes up microfilaments?

Answer 29

Actin

Question 30

What makes up microtubules?

Answer 30

Tubulin

Question 31

What makes up intermediate filaments?

Answer 31

Keratin Neurofilament protein Lamin Vimentin

Question 32

Function of microfilaments? (4)

Answer 32

1. Provide stiffness/structure/shape to membrane 2. Responsible for protrusions, such as microvilli and phogocytic projections 3. Provide motility for cells (macrophages/neutrophils/mast cells) 4. Contraction of muscle cells

Question 33

Actin attaches to the ____ end and releases from the _____ end.

Answer 33

+, -

Question 34

What causes cellular dystrophy?

Answer 34

Mutation in dystrophin causes the connection between the actin cytoskleton and the plasma membrane to be lost

Question 35

Microtubules attach at the ____ end and release at the _____ end.

Answer 35

+,+

Question 36

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 36

1. Vessicle movement and organelle placement 2. Mitotic spindle 3. Cytoskeleton in cilia and flagella (movement)

Question 37

What are centrosomes made of?

Answer 37

1. Centrioles (microtubule triplets) 2. Cloud of protein Nucleate microtubules and anchor their (-) ends.

Question 38

What does MTOC and what is it?

Answer 38

1. Microtubule-organizing center | 2. Centrosome