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Histology > Lecture 18- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 18- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What do all endocrine glands have in common (or what defines an endocrine gland?

A

They secrete hormones into the blood

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2
Q

What is paracrine secretion?

A

Hormone to a target cell

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3
Q

What is autocrine secretion?

A

Hormone to self

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4
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • infundibulum or pituitary stalk
  • pars nervosa
  • tissue develops from brain
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5
Q

What makes up the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
  • tissue derived from ectoderm
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6
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Essentially giant capillaries

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7
Q

What are degranulated cells?

A

Cells that turn back into an acidophil or basophil

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8
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

Cells that go on to produce other cell types

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9
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Either degranulated cells or progenitor cells

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10
Q

What are the acidophils?

A
  • somatotropes (growth hormone)

- mammotropes (prolactin)

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11
Q

What are the basophils?

A
  • gonadotropes (FSH and LH)
  • thyrotropes (TSH)
  • corticotropes (POMC) cleaves to (ACTH)
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12
Q

What is the best way to differentiate these cells?

A
  • immunohistochemistry
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13
Q

The blood supply to the median eminence, infundibulum, and anterior pituitary is a portal system? What does that mean

A

Two capillary beds

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14
Q

What does the pars tuberalis secrete?

A

mainly basophilic gonadotropes

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15
Q

What does the pars intermedia secrete?

A

basophilic cortico tropes. POMC cleaved to melanocyte stimulating hormone. In pars distalis POMC cleaved to ACTH

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16
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  • milk let down

- uterine contraction during labor

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17
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Glial cells that surround the unmyelinated axons

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18
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Cells that store the hormone

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19
Q

Where are the neuronal cell bodies for the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Where are the alpha cells located in the islets of langerhans?

A

Along the periphery- glucagon- raises blood glucose

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21
Q

Where are the beta cells located in the islets of langerhans?

A

On the interior- insulin that lowers blood glucose

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22
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found?

A

On top of the kidney, suprarenal gland

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23
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal gland?

A
  • capsule
  • cortex derived from mesoderm
  • medulla derived from neural crest
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24
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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25
Q

They precursor to hormones produced in the adrenal cortex is cholesterol. What does this tell you?

A

Lipid soluble, hydrophobic

26
Q

What is secreted in the zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

27
Q

What are mineralocorticoid and give an example.

A

aldosterone, influence salt and water balance

28
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Released from the adrenal gland under low BP to stimulate Na+ retention and for the kidney to release renin and angiotensin II

29
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on blood K+ levels?

A

increases secretion of K+ in the collecting duct to lower blood K+

30
Q

What does the zona fasciuluta release?

A

glucocorticoids (eg cortisol), washed out lipid droplets that contained steroids

31
Q

What signals the release of cortisol?

A

ACTH

32
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the hypothalamus?

A

negative feedback

33
Q

What effects does cortisol have on the body?

A
  • immunosuppressive

- anti- inflammatory

34
Q

What is released in the zona reticularis?

A

androgens- lipid soluble steroids, wide capillaries or sinusoids

35
Q

What induces the release of androgens from the adrenal gland?

A

ACTH

36
Q

Where are chromaffin cells?

A

adrenal medulla, derived from the neural crest

37
Q

What effect does the sympathetic pre-ganglionic neuron have on the adrenal medulla?

A

release epinephrine

38
Q

If the sympathetic pre-ganglionic synapses on a post ganglionic neuron, what will be secreted?

A

norepinephrine

39
Q

What are the main parts of the thyroid?

A
  • capsule
  • septa
  • thyroid follicles
40
Q

What are the follicular cells?

A

Simple epithelium, cuboidal or columnar

41
Q

What is the colloid filled lumen?

A

thyroglobulin

42
Q

What is stored in the C cells?

A

Calcitonin

43
Q

If the follicular cells are inactive (No TSH) they are more?

A

squamous

44
Q

If the follicular cells are active, they are…

A

more cuboidal or columnar, thyroid hormone

45
Q

What are three effects of thyroid hormone?

A
  • increase basal metabolic rate
  • increase lipid metabolism
  • increase in carbohydrate metabolism
46
Q

Which cell has secretory granules?

A

C cells

47
Q

What effect does the caclitonin from the secretory granules have on the body?

A

inhibit osteoclasts

48
Q

What does thyroglobulin help store?

A

Iodine in T3 and T4

49
Q

What stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland?

A

TSH from anterior pituitary

50
Q

What shuts off TSH release from the pituitary?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

51
Q

What shuts off TSH release from the pituitary?

A

Thyroid Hormone, negative feedback

52
Q

What would the cells look like if a test revealed elevated serum TSH levels?

A

Follicular cell hyperplasia but with little colloid

53
Q

What cells are found in the parathyroid gland?

A
  • chief cells

- oxyphil cells

54
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone, purple nuclei with pale but acidophilic cytoplasm

55
Q

Low blood calcium levels stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion. How does PTH raise blood Ca++ levels?

A

Increases Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney tubule

56
Q

What does PTH do in the kidney?

A

increases the synthesis of 1-ahydroxylage in the PCT of the kidney. Activates Vitamin D to enable Ca++ absorption from the gut

57
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

58
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

regulates circadian rhythm, darkness promotes the release of melatonin

59
Q

What is a corpora arenacea?

A

brain sand, Ca, Mg salts.

60
Q

What are the other cells found in the pineal gland?

A
  • pinealocytes
  • astrocytes
  • corpora arenacea
  • septa
61
Q

Some groups recommend stopping fluoride treatment because they could possibly contribute to the calcification of what structure?

A

pineal gland

Histology (19 decks)

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