General Flow of Lymphatic Vessels
- Excess interstitial fluid is taken up by a lymphatic capillary
- Moves through lymphatic vessels
- Arrives at lymph node (filters lymph)
- Continues to other node(s)
- Returns to vasculature (subclavian vein)
Where does excess interstitial fluid come from?
Blood is filtered at the arterial end of a capilary
Most, but not all filtrate is reabsorbed at the venous end
Fluid “left behind” is taken up by lymphatics
What is filtered by the lymph?
Water
Electrolytes
Small amount of protein
What is the anchoring filament between the endothelial cell and lymph made of?
Elastin
Will proteins be easily transported into the lymphatic capillary?
Yes.
Lymph space is big, so it is easily transported to capillary. Only a small amount of protein though.
A blockage in a lymphatic vessel will cause _______ and _______.
- Increase in protein and water in interstitial space.
2. Non-pitting edema
A blockage in a venule vessel will cause _______ and _______.
- Increase in water in interstitial space (Increased hydrostatic pressure)
- Pitting Edema
What moves lymph towards thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and what prevents it from backing up?
Smooth Muscles in Wall
Skeletal Muscles
Valves
Types of Immune Responses
Innate
Adaptive
Features of Innate Immune Response
- Non-specific
- Fast/always present
- No memory
Features of Adaptive Immune Response
- Specific
- Slower to develop
- Memory
Types of Memory Responses of the Adaptive Immune System
- Humoral - Antibodies
2. Cell Mediated - T Cells
Parts of the innate immune system (5)
- Immune Cells
- Mucous Membranes
- Skin
- Stomach Acid
- Saliva
What do the cells of the immune system need to do?
- Detect and identify it as foreign
- Communicate w/ other immune cells to rally an organized response
- Coordinate the response among all participants
- Destroy or suppress the invader
What types of cells are involved w/ the innate immune system?
- Macrophages
- Mast Cells
- Natural Killer Cells
- Neutrophils
- Plasma Cells
What is a main contributor to the redness and swelling associated w/ inflammation?
Degranulation of mast cells - release histamine causing swelling and redness
What happens after a tissue is damaged?
- Mast Cell, Injured Cell, and Macrophage Release Cytokines and Chemokines
- Histamine, Prostaglandins, and Leukotrines act as inflammatory mediators and cause redness and swelling
What are cytokines and chemokines?
Protein messengers that are released from a cell and affect the differentiation/activity of another cell
-Chemo attractive, chemotactic cytokines
Where does pus in a wound come from?
Macrophages and neutrophils were attracted to the site of infection
They recognize the bacteria as foreign
They phagocytize the bacteria
Microbes have molecules that are ______ from those on our cells
different
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
The collection of different molecules on microbes that are different from those on our cells
how body recognizes self from non-self
What cell type recogonizes PAMPs? What happens when they do?
Macrophage or Neutrophil Phagocytize bacteria (if there is a lot, you get pus)
How does the body fight viruses?
Natural Killer Cells
What do Natural Killer Cells attack?
Virally Infected Cells
Tumor Cells
What cell mediates Adaptive Immunity?
Lymphocytes
What do lymphocytes differentiate into?
B Cell, T Cell Precurosr, NK Cell
Where does a lymphoblast differentiate into immunce cells/precursors? Where do the cells go afterwards?
Bone Marrow
Blood
Once in the blood, where do B cells go?
Connective tissue, epithelia, secondary lymphoid organs
Once in the blood, where do NK cells go?
CT, epithelia, seconary lymphoid organs
Once in the blood, where do T cell precurors (CD4-, CD8-) go?
Thymus
Differentiate into CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells, then go to CT, epithelia, and secondary lymphoid organs
What are naive cells? List them.
Cells that have not been exposed to antigen.
- B Cell
- T Cell Precursors (Blood) and Matured T Cells (Thymus)
- NK Cells
