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Histology > Lecture 9- Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective

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2
Q

What are the components of bone?

A

Cells and Extracellular Matrix (Bone Matrix)

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3
Q

What cells make up bone?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Bone lining Cells
  5. Osteoprogenitor Cells
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4
Q

What makes up Bone Matrix?

A
  1. Fibers

2. Ground Substance

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5
Q

What is general fibrous structure of bone and why is it like that?

A

Fibers are aligned parallel but are oriented in different directions.
Adds strength.

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6
Q

What gives bone its strength?

A

A calcified bone matrix

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7
Q

What cells help “maintain” the bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

How does the osteocyte gets its nutrients and get rid of waste?

A

Canaliculi

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9
Q

What happens in the canaliculi?

A

Exchange of nutrients and waste products that travel down cell to cell of dendritic processes of osteocytes

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10
Q

What structure aids w/ transfer of nutrients from one osteocyte to another?

A

Gap Junctions

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11
Q

2 General Types of Bone Structure

A
  1. Compact Bone

2. Cancellous Bone (AKA spongy or trabecular bone)

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12
Q

Is compact bone and cancellous bone made of the same material?

A

Yes. Both Lamellar bone. Organized differently.

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13
Q

Where do osteoblasts come from?

A

Bone lining cells or osteoprogenitor cells.

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14
Q

Steps of the bone remodeling cycle (3).

A
  1. Osteoclast (apoptosis)
  2. Osteoblast Secretes bone matrix (osteoid - unmineralized bone)
  3. Mineralization
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15
Q

Where does bone remodeling occur?

A
  1. On the surface of bone

2. In the middle of bone

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16
Q

How does bone modeling occur in the middle of bone?

A
  1. Clasts come through blood vessel, start working to make a connecting canal
  2. Blasts stay on surface (bone lining cells) and fill in canal with bone (surround blood vessels)
  3. Cytes sit in lacuna and maintain matrix and stim remodeling cycle from stress
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17
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  1. Decreased bone mass per unit volume of anatomical bone.

2. After 35, clast > blast

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18
Q

Biphosphonates can help limit osteoporosis, but osteonecrosis may be a side effect, why?

A

Biphosphonates disrupt bone remodeling. When there is continual stress on the bones, they have a limited capacity for healing

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19
Q

Different kinds of osteogenesis (2)

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification

2. Endochondral Ossification

20
Q

Most flat bones develop via _______ ossification.

A

Intramembranous

21
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification (4)

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells in CT membrane or sheet form clusters
  2. Cluster differentiates into osteoblasts = ossification center
  3. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid
  4. Becomes mineralized
22
Q

What is condensed mesenchyme?

A

Mesenchyme that is more cellular

23
Q

What kind of bone is intramembranous bone?

A

Primary bone or Woven Bone = SPONGY

*NOT LAMELLAR BONE or secondary bone

24
Q

What are trabeculae made of and how is it oriented?

A

Collagen Fibers

Oriented Randomly

25
Q

What happens during the remodeling of woven bone?

Where can you find this kind of bone?

A

It become lamellar bone, with collagen fibers oriented in parallel.
Flat bones like in the skull.

26
Q

What does endochondral ossification mean?

A

Cartilage that turns to bone.

27
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification.

A
  1. Mesenchymal Cells Condense during fetal development
  2. Develop into chondrocytes
  3. Cartilage is developed into the shape of the bone that it will form (surrounded by perichondrium)
  4. Cartilage deteriorates and becomes primary ossification center (woven bone), has blood vessel of periosteal bud
  5. Secondary Ossification Centers develop at the ends of the bone
28
Q

Why is epiphyseal cartilage important?

A

It allows you to get taller

29
Q

Zones of epiphyseal growth plate (5)

A

Zone 1 - Hyaline Cartilage (resting zone)
Zone 2 - Proliferation - making more chondrocytes
Zone 3 - Hypertrophy
Zone 4 - Calcification - osteoblasts come in and lay down bone
Zone 5 - Ossification

30
Q

What happens to chondrocytes at the epiphyseal growth plate? (7)

A
  1. Hypertrophy of chondrocytes
  2. Compress surrounding cartilaganous matrix
  3. Chondrocytes die (apoptosis)
  4. Carilage matrix become more calcified (basophilic)
  5. Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the tissue
  6. Lay down Osteoid
  7. Mineralized to bone
31
Q

What type of bone will initially be formed at the growth plate?

A

Woven bone. Later remodeled into lamellar bone.

32
Q

When is full stature obtained?

A

When the epiphyses have fused (fully ossified, no more cartilage there)

33
Q

Which type of bone would you see in a new fracture and healed fracture?

A
  1. Woven Bone
  2. Lamellar Bone
    * Fractures heal quickly, woven bone is layed and remodeled
34
Q

What general things affect bone formation/turnover?

A
  1. Major Systemic Regulators

2. Stress on the bone

35
Q

What are the major systemic regulators of bone formation/turnover? (7)

A
  1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  2. Calcitrol (vit. D)
  3. Calcitonin
  4. Growth hormone/ IGF - 1
  5. Glucocorticoids
  6. Thyroid Hormones
  7. Estrogen/androgens
    * First 3 are most important*
    * *Remember PCC**
36
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin D?

A

Increase Ca absorption from the gut

37
Q

Main function of PTH?

A

Released when serum Ca low

*Stimulates osteoclast activity to raise serum Ca

38
Q

What would a happen with deficiency of PTH?

A

Remodeling process would not be stimulated

39
Q

What does excess growth hormone in an adult result in and why?

A

Acromegaly

Periosteal growth happens b/c you do not have endochondral ossification as an adult

40
Q

What does excess growth hormone in a child result in and why?

A

Gigantism

Endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate

41
Q

What does insufficent growth hormone in a child result in?

A

Dwarfism

42
Q

What are the components of the joint capsule?

A
  1. Fibrous Layer

2. Synovial Membrane

43
Q

What is the orientation of collagen fibers in Articular Cartilage?

A

Curved fibers. Perpendicular to surface near the bone and parallel to surface neaer the surface.

44
Q

What is the advantage of curved fibers in articular cartilage?

A

Pressure is more evenly distributed, helps protect the chondrocytes from deformation.

45
Q

Where do chondrocytes in articular cartilage get their nutrients?

A

Synovial fluid.
*When you stand and squish cartilage, the water is pushed out into synovial fluid, and when you sit back down, water goes back in and brings O2 and nutrients with it.

Histology (19 decks)

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