Lecture 16: Anatomy of the Thorax & Breathing (ventilation)

Question 1

What are our body cavities lined with?

Answer 1

Serous membranes

Question 2

What are serous membranes?

Answer 2

Double layer of secretory tissue with fluid between layers

Question 3

What layer of serous membrane lies on the organ?

Answer 3

Visceral layer

Question 4

What layer of serous membrane lies on the body wall?

Answer 4

Parietal layer

Question 5

What are 2 examples of serous membrane in the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 5

• Pericardium

- Pleura

Question 6

What is an examples of serous membrane in the Abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 6

Peritoneum

Question 7

What are 2 devisions of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 7

• Mediastinum

- Pleural cavities

Question 8

What is contained within the Mediastinum?

3

Answer 8

• Heart
• Vessels
• Pericardium

Question 9

What is contained within the pleural cavities?

Answer 9

Lungs

Question 10

What is the anterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 10

Sternum

Question 11

What is the posterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 11

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 12

What is the lateral boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 12

Ribs

Question 13

What is the superior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 13

Base of the neck

Question 14

What is the Inferior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 14

Diaphragm

Question 15

Why are the Pleural cavities seperate?

Answer 15

So if one stops functioning, you have another

Question 16

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 16

Where the primary bronchus and vessels enter

Question 17

What is ventilation of the lung driven by?

Answer 17

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

Question 18

What is the relationship of pressure to volume?

Answer 18

Inversely proportional

Question 19

What happens when the volume of the thorax is changed?

Answer 19

The pressure is also changed

Question 20

What changes occur to volume during inspiration?

Answer 20

Volume increases

Question 21

What changes occur to volume during expiration?

Answer 21

Volume decreases

Question 22

What law determines the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas?

Answer 22

Boyle’s Law

Question 23

What is Boyle’s law equation?

Answer 23

P = 1/V

Question 24

What is pressure measured by?

Answer 24

Collisions

Question 25

What does a smaller space mean for collisions and pressure?

Answer 25

More collisions therefore more pressure

Question 26

What does a bigger space mean for collisions and pressure?

Answer 26

Less collision therefore less pressure

Question 27

What does air try and move towards?

Answer 27

Lower pressure space

Question 28

What needs to be established in order to breath?

Answer 28

A pressure gradient

Question 29

Between breathes what happens to the pressure inside of and outside of the cavity?

Answer 29

They are equal

Question 30

What happens to air flow when there is an increased volume in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 30

Air flows in due to an decrease in pressure

Question 31

What happens to air flow when there is a decreased volume in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 31

Air flows out due to an increase of pressure

Question 32

What connects the bone of the ribs to the sternum?

Answer 32

Costal (hyaline) cartilage

Question 33

What type of joints are the sternocostal joints

Answer 33

Synovial, the exception being the 1st which is cartilaginous

Question 34

How many sternocostal joints are their on either side of the sternum?

Answer 34

7

Question 35

What connects the bone of the ribs to the costal cartilage?

Answer 35

Costochondral joints

Question 36

What kind of joints are costochondral joints?

Answer 36

Cartilaginous

Question 37

What connects costal cartilage from different ribs together?

Answer 37

Interchondral joints

Question 38

What kind of joints are the interchondral joints?

Answer 38

Synovial

Question 39

What kind of joint are between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs?

Answer 39

Synovial joints

Question 40

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the transverse process of vertebrae?

Answer 40

Costotransverse

Question 41

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the body of vertebrae?

Answer 41

Costovertebral

Question 42

What do the respiratory muscles do?

Answer 42

Move the rib cage allowing us to breathe

Question 43

What are the primary inspiration muscles? | 2

Answer 43

- Diaphragm | - Intercostals

Question 44

When are accessory muscles activated?

Answer 44

Only when needed

Question 45

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 45

A sheet of skeletal muscle

Question 46

What does the diaphragm seperate?

Answer 46

The thorax from the abdomen

Question 47

What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?

Answer 47

Dome-shaped

Question 48

What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?

Answer 48

Flattened

Question 49

What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the thoracic/abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 49

Expands the thoracic cavity, compresses the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 50

What do intercostal muscles attach to and how do attach?

Answer 50

They attach too neighbouring ribs and they do so diagonally

Question 51

What do the external intercostals do?

Answer 51

Lift the ribcage and expand the cavity

Question 52

What type of inspiration are external intercostals used for?

Answer 52

Quiet and forced

Question 53

What do the internal intercostals do?

Answer 53

Depress ribcage and decrease cavity

Question 54

What does the diaphragm do during normal quiet inspiration?

Answer 54

Contracts thus flattening

Question 55

What do the external intercostals do during normal quiet inspiration?

Answer 55

Contract lifting ribs

Question 56

Along side the actions of quiet inspiration what happens during forced inspiration?

Answer 56

Accessory muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity

Question 57

What does the diaphragm do during normal quiet expiration?

Answer 57

Relaxes thus going dome shaped

Question 58

What do the external intercostals do during normal quiet expiration?

Answer 58

relax no longer lifting ribs

Question 59

Along side the actions of quiet expiration what happens during forced expiration?

Answer 59

Internal intercostals contract depressing the ribs and accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume

Question 60

Because lung tissues is elastic what is it always trying to do?

Answer 60

Recoil

Question 61

What do the pleura do to the lungs?

Answer 61

Make the lungs stick to the thoracic wall

Question 62

What does lung volume do during inspiration?

Answer 62

Increases

Question 63

What does lung volume do during expiration?

Answer 63

Decrease

Question 64

What does the visceral pleura lie against?

Answer 64

The lungs

Question 65

What does the parietal pleura lie against?

Answer 65

Thoracic wall

Question 66

What is between the parietal and visceral pleura?

Answer 66

Pleural fluid

Question 67

What does pleural fluid enable for the lungs movement?

Answer 67

Frictionless movement against other structures

Question 68

What does the fluid bond of pleural fluid cause the lungs to do?

Answer 68

Stick to the thoracic wall

Question 69

As the lungs are stuck to the thoracic wall what does thoracic wall movement cause?

Answer 69

Lung movement