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HUBS 192 > Lecture 17: The Work of Breathing > Flashcards

Lecture 17: The Work of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pressure of gas related to its volume?

A

Inversely proportional

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2
Q

What is boyles law?

A

P = 1/V

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3
Q

What happens to pressure right before a breath?

A

The pressure outside the body and inside the lungs are equal so no air is moving

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4
Q

How does gas move?

A

From high pressure to low pressure

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5
Q

What happens as you inhale?

A

Your diaphragm drops while your rib cage expands

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6
Q

During inhalation what does the expansion of your chest do to pressure?

A

Lowers pressure

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7
Q

What happens to lung volume during inhalation?

A

It increases

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8
Q

What happens to pressure during inhalation?

A

Pressure inside the lungs decreases

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9
Q

What happens to air as a result of decreased pressure inside the lungs during inhalation?

A

Air rushes in

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10
Q

What happens to lung volume during exhalation?

A

It decreases

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11
Q

What happens to pressure during exhalation?

A

Pressure inside the lungs increases

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12
Q

What happens to air as a result of increased pressure inside the lungs during exhalation?

A

Air rushes out

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13
Q

What is the direction of airflow determined by?

A

A difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

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14
Q

What 2 opposing forces must be overcome to take a breath?

A
  • Stiffness of the lungs

- Resistance of the airways to the lungs

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15
Q

What is lung stiffness related to?

A

Compliance

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16
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Change in the lung volume produced by the given change in the pressure

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17
Q

What is a low lung compliance referred as?

A

Stiff lungs

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18
Q

What needs to happen for stiff lungs to expand?

A

More work to occur

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19
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Lung disease where lungs become too elastic resulting in a decreased compliance

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20
Q

What can cause scarring of the alveolar membranes?

A

Chronic inflammation or exposure to industrial chemicals

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21
Q

What happens to the compliance curve of lungs suffering from Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

It lies lower and flatter on a graph

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22
Q

Alveoli are lined with fluid that does what?

A

Exerts surface tension

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23
Q

What enhances the effect of surface tension in Alveoli?

A

The walls of the alveoli are very thin

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24
Q

What must be overcome to expand the lungs?

A

Surface tension

25
What reduces the surface tension in alveoli?
Surfactant
26
What produces the surfactant used to reduce surface tension in alveoli?
Alveolar type II pneumocytes
27
What is the major constituent of surfactant used in Alveoli?
Phospholipids
28
What do phospholipids in surfactant do?
Reduce the attractive forces between fluid molecules lining alveoli making it easier to increase lung size
29
What does lack of surfactant/failure to produce adequate surfactant result in?
Stiff lungs
30
What does premature infants not producing surfactant result in?
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
31
What is air conducted through?
The bronchi and bronchioles
32
What do the bronchi and bronchioles do to air moving through the respiratory tract?
Exert the force of friction that must be overcome
33
Where does most of the resistance to airflow occur as a result of a small cross sectional area?
In the Bronchi
34
How much resistance do the small airways (terminal and respiratory bronchioles) contribute to airway resistance?
Very little due to a high cross sectional area
35
What does a spirometer measure? | 2
- Volume of air inhaled/exhaled | - How fast can you breathe
36
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath
37
What is the typical tidal volume value?
500mL
38
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
The extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume
39
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal, quiet respiratory cycle
40
What is residual volume?
The volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation
41
What is minimal volume?
The volume remaining in lung if they collapsed
42
What is vital capacity?
The volume of air that can be moved in and out of your lungs
43
What is vital capacity a combination of?
Inspiratory reserve + Expiratory reserve + Tidal volume
44
What is total lung capacity?
Total volume in lungs when it is filled to max
45
What is total lung capacity a combination of?
Vital capacity + Residual volume
46
What is inspiratory capacity?
Total volume of air that can be inspired from rest (At the end of expiration)
47
What is inspiratory capacity a combination of?
Inspiratory reserve + Tidal volume
48
What is functional residual capacity?
Volume remaining in lung after normal exhalation
49
What is functional residual capacity a combination of?
Expiratory reserve + residual volume
50
What is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
How much of the forced vital capacity (FVC) comes out in the first second
51
What does disease do to FEV1?
It is reduced as there is an Increased resistance therefore reduced airflow
52
What is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
80%
53
What does an FEV1/FVC < 70% indicate?
airways are obstructed meaning an increased airway resistance
54
What can spirometry discern between?
Obstructive and restrictive issues
55
What is a result of a restrictive lung issue?
Reduced lung capacity
56
What is a result of a obstructive lung issue?
Increased resistance to airflow
57
What is an example of a restrictive lung issue?
Pulmonary fibrosis
58
What is an example of a obstructive lung issue?
Asthma, Chronic bronchitis

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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