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HUBS 192 > Lecture 29: The Nephrons > Flashcards

Lecture 29: The Nephrons Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A microscopic functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

Approximately how many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1 million

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3
Q

What are nephrons responsible for the formation of?

A

Urine

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical nephrons

- Juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

What % of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

85%

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6
Q

Where do cortical nephrons lie?

A

In the cortex

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7
Q

Where do Juxtamedullary nephrons extend?

A

Deep into the medulla

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8
Q

What are Juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

Formation of concentrated urine

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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nephron?

A
  • Selectively filter blood
  • Return to blood anything to be kept
  • Carry waste away for expulsion
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10
Q

What is each nephron comprised of?

5

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
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11
Q

What is each nephron associated with?

2

A
  • A glomerulus

- Peritubular capillaries

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12
Q

What are glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

Filtration

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13
Q

What are glomerular capillaries?

A

Thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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14
Q

What are glomerular capillaries fed/drained by?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What is tightly regulated around glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

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16
Q

What are peritubular capillaries specialised for?

A

Absorption

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17
Q

What do peritubular capillaries wrap around?

A

Renal tubules

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18
Q

What do peritubular capillaries receive blood from/via?

A

From the glomerulus via efferent arterioles

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19
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries receive reabsorbed filtrate from?

A

Nephron

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20
Q

Some non-filtered solutes that need to be excreted can pass from the peritubular capillaries to where?

A

Into the nephron

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21
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

Extensions of pertibular capillaries that follow nephron loops deep into the medulla

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22
Q

Where are vasa recta found?

A

Only with juxtamedullary nephrons

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23
Q

What are renal corpuscles?

A

A glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule

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24
Q

The renal corpuscle is where what meet?

A

The capillary and nephron

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25
The renal corpuscle is the site of what?
The filtration barrier
26
What is the glomerular capsule?
The first part of the nephron
27
What 2 layers make the glomerular capsule?
- Outer parietal layer | - Inner visceral layer
28
What is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made from?
Simple squamous cells
29
What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made from?
Podocytes
30
What is between the outer parietal layer and the inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?
Capsular space
31
What does the capsular space receive?
Filtrate
32
What do podocytes surround?
The glomerular capillaries
33
Podocytes are very branched, very specialised what?
Epithelium
34
Podocyte branches form intertwining what?
Foot processes called pedicels
35
What forms between pedicels?
Filtration slits
36
What happens to filtered blood going through filtration slits?
It passes into capsular space
37
Where does the filtration barrier lie?
Between blood and capsular space
38
What does the filtration barrier allow the free passage of?
Water and small molecules
39
What does the filtration barrier restrict?
The passage of most proteins
40
What is not filtered through the filtration barrier into the nephron?
Red blood cells
41
What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?
- Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary - Fused basement membrane - Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
42
Urine is waste fluid and what?
Solutes filtered from the blood
43
Not everything that is filtered is what?
Excreted
44
What happens to some filtrate?
It is reabsorbed
45
Some of what isn't filtered, is secreted where?
Into the nephron
46
Urine = ?
Filtered - Reabsorbed + secreted
47
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Carry out the bulk of reabsorption
48
What are proximal convoluted tubules surrounded by?
Peritubular capillaries
49
What cells make up the proximal convoluted tubule?
Cuboidal epithelial cells
50
There is a dense what on the luminal membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Microvilli (brush border)
51
The proximal convoluted tubule has a highly folded what?
Basolateral membrane
52
The proximal convoluted tubule has many mitochondria for what?
Active transport
53
Where does the nephron loop extend down into?
The medulla
54
What is the length of the nephron loop important for?
Production of dilute/concentrated urine
55
What is the nephron loop in juxtamedullary nephrons surrounded by?
Vasa recta
56
What are the 4 regions of the nephron loop?
- Thick descending limb - Thin descending limb - Thin ascending limb - Thick ascending limb
57
What is the structure of the thick descending limb of the nephron loop?
Similar to PCT structure
58
What is the structure of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop?
Simple squamous epithelium
59
What is the structure of the thin ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Simple squamous epithelium
60
What is the structure of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Similar to DCT structure
61
The nephron loop has different permeabilities to what?
Water and sodium
62
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
Fine tuning/regulated absorption (hormonal regulation)
63
What cells make up the distal convoluted tubule?
Cuboidal epithelium, but thinner than PCT
64
Because there are only a few microvilli on the distal convoluted tubule there is no what?
Brush border
65
there are fewer what at the distal convoluted tubule?
Mitochondria
66
What is reabsorption mainly influenced by in the distal convoluted tubule?
Aldosterone
67
What is the function of the collecting duct?
Fine tuning/regulated absorption
68
Filtrate from several DCT's drain into what?
One collecting duct
69
What is the structure of collecting ducts?
Wall of simple cuboidal epithelium
70
What 2 cells are found in Collecting duct walls?
- Principal cells | - Intercalated cells
71
What is the role of principle cells?
Reabsorption
72
What is the role of intercalated disks?
Acid/base balance
73
What is reabsorption in the collecting duct influenced by? | 2
- ADH | - Aldosterone
74
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A specialised zone in every nephron
75
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
Where DCT lies against afferent arterioles
76
What are the specialised cells of the DCT in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Macula densa cells
77
What are the specialised cells of the afferent arterioles in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular cells
78
What are macula densa cells?
Chemoreceptors detecting sodium levels
79
What are Juxtaglomerular cells?
Mechanoreceptors that detect blood pressure
80
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control?
The glomerular filtration rate
81
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus ensure?
The system is working at full capacity
82
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus stabilise?
Blood pressure

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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