Lecture 23: Large Intestine and Comment on the Liver

Question 1

What does the large intestine consist of?

3

Answer 1

• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum

Question 2

What does the cecum connect to?

Answer 2

Small intestine

Question 3

What can the colon be divided into?

4

Answer 3

• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
• Sigmoid

Question 4

What is the position of the ascending and descending colon?

Answer 4

Retroperitoneal

Question 5

What is the position of the transverse and sigmoidal colon?

Answer 5

Intraperitoneal

Question 6

What does the Ileoceal valve do?

Answer 6

Regulate the passage of material into the cecum and prevents back flow into the ileum

Question 7

What is the appendix?

Answer 7

A reserve of large intestine bacteria population

Question 8

Where is the appendix located?

Answer 8

In a variety of positions that differs between people

Question 9

What is inflammation of the appendix called?

Answer 9

Appendicitis

Question 10

What does a Barium enema enable?

Answer 10

x-ray images to be taken of large intestine to asses function

Question 11

What are 3 gross structures of the large intestine?

Answer 11

• Teniae Coli
• Haustra
• Omental appendices

Question 12

What are Teniae Coli?

Answer 12

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 13

What are Haustra?

Answer 13

Series of pouches in the wall of the colon

Question 14

What are Omental appendices?

Answer 14

Sacs of fat

Question 15

What are Teniae Coli a modification of?

Answer 15

Muscularis layer

Question 16

What is the Teniae Coli?

Answer 16

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 17

What is the function of Teniae Coli?

Answer 17

Produce stronger contractions

Question 18

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

Answer 18

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Adventitia

Question 19

What is there a lack of in the large intestine?

Answer 19

Villi

Question 20

What does the mucosa of the gut tube do?

Answer 20

Invaginates to form intestinal glands

Question 21

What does the mucosa consist of?

Answer 21

• Epithelium
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis mucosae

Question 22

What does the muscularis mucosa not do?

Answer 22

invaginate

Question 23

What is the function of the mucosa of the colon?

Answer 23

Water and salt absorption

Question 24

What do goblet cells produce in the mucosa of the colon?

Answer 24

Mucous for protection and lubrication

Question 25

What do the anal columns mark?

Answer 25

Where epithelium changes

Question 26

What is the epithelium before the Anal columns?

Answer 26

Simple columnar

Question 27

What is the epithelium of the anal canal?

Answer 27

Stratified squamous

Question 28

What are the 2 anal sphincters?

Answer 28

- Internal anal sphincter | - External anal sphincter

Question 29

What is the internal anal sphincter made of?

Answer 29

Smooth muscle

Question 30

What is the external anal sphincter made of?

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle

Question 31

How is the internal anal sphincter controlled?

Answer 31

Involuntary control

Question 32

How is the external anal sphincter controlled?

Answer 32

Voluntary control

Question 33

What happens when feaces move into the rectum?

Answer 33

It stimulates stretch receptors

Question 34

What happens once the stretch receptors in the rectum are stimulated?

Answer 34

Internal sphincters relax involuntarily

Question 35

What happens if there is a conscious decision to dedicate?

Answer 35

External/internal sphincters relax

Question 36

What is the location of the Liver?

Answer 36

Superior right quadrant of abdominopelvic cavity

Question 37

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 37

Produce bile which is stored in the gall bladder

Question 38

How much blood does the liver receive?

Answer 38

25% of the cardiac output

Question 39

How much of the blood supplied to the liver is from the hepatic artery?

Answer 39

1/3 of the total supply

Question 40

How much of the blood supplied to the liver is from the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 40

2/3 of the total supply

Question 41

What type of blood is carried by the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 41

Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine

Question 42

What is blood from the hepatic portal vein processed by?

Answer 42

Hepatocytes

Question 43

What do the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct travel within?

Answer 43

The lesser omentum

Question 44

What is the structure of the liver?

Answer 44

Functional units called lobules

Question 45

What are lobules of the liver organised into?

Answer 45

Rows of hepatocytes

Question 46

What do hepatocytes do?

Answer 46

Produce bile

Question 47

What do hepatocytes surround?

Answer 47

A vein

Question 48

Where are liver sinusoids found?

Answer 48

Between rows of hepatocytes

Question 49

Where are bile canaliculi found?

Answer 49

Between hepatocytes

Question 50

What makes up a portal triad?

Answer 50

- Branch of hepatic artery - Branch of hepatic portal vein - A bile duct

Question 51

What direction does blood flow in the liver?

Answer 51

Towards the central vein

Question 52

What happens to the blood travelling towards the central vein?

Answer 52

It is processed by hepatocytes, which produce bile

Question 53

What happens to bile secreted into canaliculi?

Answer 53

Travels to bile duct

Question 54

What do the central veins drain into?

Answer 54

Hepatic vein which drains into the inferior vena cava

Question 55

Where does liver bile travel, to be stored?

Answer 55

The gall bladder, where it is stored and concentrated

Question 56

What does the bile duct ultimately join?

Answer 56

Pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla