Lecture 21: The Stomach and Pancreas

Question 1

What shape is the oesophagus?

Answer 1

J-shaped

Question 2

Where is the stomach located?

Answer 2

At the base of the oesophagus

Question 3

What does the oesophagus pass through to get to the stomach?

Answer 3

Diaphragm

Question 4

What is the passage that the oesophagus takes through the diaphragm called?

Answer 4

Oesophageal hiatus

Question 5

Where is the lower oesophageal sphincter located?

Answer 5

At the base of the oesophagus and start of the stomach

Question 6

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?

Answer 6

Prevent reflux

Question 7

What 4 main part make up the stomach?

Answer 7

• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus (pyloric antrum)

Question 8

Where is the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 8

Lateral side of the stomach

Question 9

Where is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Answer 9

Medial side of the stomach

Question 10

What is omentum?

Answer 10

A double layer of peritoneum that connects one organ to another

Question 11

What does the lesser omentum connect?

Answer 11

The stomach to the liver

Question 12

What does the greater omentum connect?

Answer 12

Stomach to transverse colon

Question 13

What makes up the muscularis of the stomach?

3

Answer 13

• Oblique
• Circular
• Longitudinal

Question 14

What is the muscularis modified for?

Answer 14

Motility

Question 15

Where is the muscularis thicker in the stomach?

Answer 15

In the distal regions of the stomach when compared to the proximal end

Question 16

What composes the pyloric part of the stomach?

4

Answer 16

• Pyloric antrum
• Pyloric canal
• Pyloric orifice
• Pyloric sphincter

Question 17

What are rugae?

Answer 17

Temporary folds in the stomach that allow for expansion

Question 18

What are rugae important for?

Answer 18

Storage function

Question 19

How are rugae composed?

Answer 19

A folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

Question 20

What is the mucosa of our gut tube comprised of?

Answer 20

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 21

What does in-folding do to the mucosa in our gut?

Answer 21

Increases surface area for secretion

Question 22

Are gastric glands temporary or permanent?

Answer 22

Permanent

Question 23

What do we need acid and enzymes for?

Answer 23

Digestion

Question 24

What do we need mucous for?

Answer 24

Protection

Question 25

What do we need hormones for?

Answer 25

Regulation

Question 26

On the surface of the epithelium and the neck of the glands what do goblet cells do?

Answer 26

Secret mucous for protection

Question 27

What do parietal cells of gastric glands do?

Answer 27

Secret acid and intrinsic factor

Question 28

What do G cells of gastric glands do?

Answer 28

Secrete hormones (gastrin)

Question 29

What do chief cells of gastric glands do?

Answer 29

Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin)

Question 30

What are 3 features of chief cells?

Answer 30

- Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum - Apical zymogen granules (contain enzymes) - Basal nucleus

Question 31

What are 4 features of parietal cells?

Answer 31

- Pump hydrogen ions - Abundant mitochondria - Central nucleus - Folded structure to increase surface area

Question 32

Why are chief cells specialised in their structure?

Answer 32

To produce protein

Question 33

How are parietal cells specialised in their structure?

Answer 33

Lots of mitochondria provide the energy to pump ions against their gradient

Question 34

What endocrine control is involved with the stomach?

Answer 34

Endocrine cells in the mucosa secreting gastrin/ghrelin into the blood stream

Question 35

What neural control is involved with the stomach?

Answer 35

The enteric nervous system - local reflexes (primary control)

Question 36

What does the CNS modulate around the stomach?

Answer 36

Enteric nervous system function, long neural reflexes

Question 37

What controls the release of digested material (chyme) from the stomach to the small intestine?

Answer 37

Pyloric sphincter

Question 38

Once acidic chyme enters the small intestine what is required? (2)

Answer 38

- Further digestion (enzymes) | - Protection of the small intestine from acidic chyme, using mucous and neutralising acid

Question 39

Where is the mucous produced for the small intestine receiving chyme?

Answer 39

Glands in the submucosa of the duodenum

Question 40

What provides the enzymes and bicarbonate for the small intestine receiving chyme?

Answer 40

Pancreas

Question 41

Where is the head of the pancreas?

Answer 41

In the C-shaped duodenum

Question 42

Where does the tail of the pancreas face towards?

Answer 42

The spleen

Question 43

Where does the pancreatic duct go?

Answer 43

Into the duodenal lumen

Question 44

Where is the pancreas as a whole located?

Answer 44

Retroperitoneal

Question 45

Where does the bile duct meet the pancreatic duct?

Answer 45

At the entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 46

Where does the duodenal papilla project?

Answer 46

Into the duodenal lumen

Question 47

What is the release of substance from the pancreas controlled by?

Answer 47

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 48

What cells are involved in exocrine function of the pancreas? (2)

Answer 48

- Acinar cells | - Duct cells

Question 49

What do Acinar cells secret?

Answer 49

Digestive enzymes

Question 50

What do Duct cells secret?

Answer 50

Bicarbonate

Question 51

What are the structural features of pancreatic acinar cells? | 3

Answer 51

- Apical zymogen granules - Basal nucleus - Abundant rough ER