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HUBS 192 > Lecture 28: Gross Structure of the Kidney > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Gross Structure of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What % of male bodies are water?

A

60%

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2
Q

What % of female bodies are water?

A

55%

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3
Q

Why do males have higher % of water in their body?

A

Males tend to have more muscle which holds more water

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4
Q

Why do females have lower % of water in their body?

A

Women tend to have more adipose which doesn’t hold water as well

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5
Q

What proportion of total body water is extracellular?

A

1/3

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6
Q

What proportion of total body water is intracellular?

A

2/3

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7
Q

Balance of what’s crucial?

A

Water

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8
Q

How does the urinary system maintain balance?

A

By filtering our blood

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9
Q

What does the urinary system expel?

4

A
  • Excess water
  • Excess salts
  • Wastes of metabolism
  • Many toxins and drugs
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10
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A

1.2 Litres

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11
Q

How much urine does a typical person produce in a day?

A

800-2000 mL

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12
Q

What is urine?

A

Waste products, excreted to maintain balance within the body

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13
Q

What is excreted in normal urine?

4

A
  • Water
  • Salts
  • Urea
  • Metabolites (Hormones, Small proteins)
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14
Q

pH is not tightly what?

A

Regulated

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15
Q

Urea is influenced by?

A

What is excreted

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16
Q

What does urine pH fluctuate between?

A

Approximately 4.6 - 8

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17
Q

What is Urine useful for?

A

Diagnostic tool for disease states

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18
Q

What is contained in abnormal urine?

3

A
  • Large proteins
  • RBC
  • Glucose
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19
Q

What is selective filtration largely dependant on?

A

The size of the molecules being filtered

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20
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a what?

A

Delivery system for blood

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21
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a selective what?

A

Filtration system

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22
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a filtrate what?

A

Recovery system (Reabsorption)

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23
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a system to return what?

A

Recovered/filtered fluid to body

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24
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a system to remove filtrate from where?

A

The body

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25
To be effective the urinary system needs the ability to communicate with what?
Relevant parts of the body
26
To be effective the urinary system needs to be adaptable to what?
Meet the body's changing needs
27
What are the main component of the Urinary system? | 4
- 2 kidneys - 2 Ureters - Urinary bladder - Urethra
28
What does each kidney have?
Its own ureter
29
What do ureters extend down and empty into?
The urinary bladder
30
What extends down from the urinary bladder?
A single urethra
31
The structure of the kidneys allows blood to be bought into close proximity with what and for what?
Close proximity with nephrons for filtering
32
The structure of the kidneys allows blood that has been filtered to do what?
Leave the kidneys
33
The structure of the kidneys allows a pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney and then for what to happen?
It to be stored and then excreted
34
What level of vertebrae are the kidneys between?
T12 - L3
35
What ribs provide protection to the kidney?
11th/12th
36
The convex sides of the kidneys do what?
Face laterally
37
The medial surface of the kidneys have a concave notch called the what?
Hilum
38
What moves through the hilum? | 4
- renal blood vessels - Lymphatics - Nerves - Ureter
39
What does the liver do to the right kidney?
Pushes it down slightly
40
What sits on top of the kidneys?
Adrenal glands
41
The kidneys are where?
Retroperitoneal
42
What is meant by the kidneys being retroperitoneal?
They are located on the posterior abdominal wall, covered on the anterior side by the peritoneum
43
What surrounds and protects the kidneys?
Fat
44
What are the 3 regions of the kidney?
- Renal cortex - Renal medulla - Renal pelvis
45
What is the fibrous capsule?
A fibrous capsule that surrounds the kidney providing protection
46
What does the inner medulla divide into?
Renal pyramids
47
What does each renal pyramid end in?
A papilla
48
The renal cortex is a continuous layer that contains what?
Renal columns which extend between the renal pyramids
49
What do the cortex and medulla contain?
Multiple functional lobes
50
How many lobes are there per kidney?
5-11
51
What is contained in a lobe?
- One medullary pyramid | - All the cortex that surrounds it
52
What are kidney lobes made of?
Nephrons, typically thousands per lobe
53
Where do nephron endings finish?
In the minor calyx
54
Where does urine drain from?
Each papilla
55
What does urine drained from a papilla collect in?
In a calyx
56
What do calyces join to form?
Renal pelvis
57
What happens to the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum to become the ureter?
It narrows
58
What is the flow of urine in the kidney? | 5
- Papilla - Minor calyx - Major calyx - Renal pelvis - Ureter
59
How is urine produced?
By filtering waste products from the blood into the nephron
60
Where does filtration occur?
In the cortex of the kidney
61
Where does the renal artery arise from?
The abdominal aorta
62
Branching arteries get smaller until what?
They reach the cortex
63
Veins return filtered blood from the cortex to where?
The renal vein, then to the IVC
64
The afferent arteriole does what?
Delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus
65
What is the glomerulus is made of?
Glomerular capillaries
66
What occurs at the glomerular capillaries?
Filtration
67
The efferent arteriole does what?
Carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries
68
What do the peritubular capillaries do?
Carry blood to veins
69
Nerve supply to the kidney is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the what?
Renal plexus
70
What do sympathetic nerves act to adjust in the kidneys?
The diameter of renal arterioles and this regulates blood flow
71
What are nephrons?
Microscopic functionl units of the kidney
72
The bulk of the kidney is made from what?
Nephrons
73
What do nephrons do? | 3
- Filter blood - Selectively reabsorb or secrete - Produce urine
74
What is a renal corpuscle?
Where blood from the glomerulus and the nephron meet
75
What is the renal corpuscle made from? | 2
- Glomerulus | - Glomerular capsule
76
What makes up the nephron? | 5
- Renal corpuscle - Proximal convoluted tubule - Nephron loop - Distal convoluted tubule - Collecting duct
77
A single collecting duct is shared by what?
Multiple nephrons

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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