Lecture 2: Anatomy of the skin, Part 2

Question 1

What are example accessory structures to the skin?

4

Answer 1

• Hair
• Sweat glands
• Receptors
• Nails

Question 2

Where is hair located?

Answer 2

All over the body

Question 3

Where is hair prominent?

Answer 3

On the head

Question 4

What does hair consist of?

4

Answer 4

• Hair shaft
• Hair follicle
• Arrector pili muscle
• Sebaceous gland

Question 5

Where does hair grow from?

Answer 5

The follicle

Question 6

What does the Arrector pili muscle connect to?

Answer 6

The follicle

Question 7

What is the Arrector pili muscles an example of?

Answer 7

Muscle tissue

Question 8

What does the sebaceous gland do?

Answer 8

Produces sebum

Question 9

What is sebum?

2

Answer 9

• A natural moisturiser

- Water repellent

Question 10

What is Acne?

Answer 10

A blockage of hair follicles + infection

Question 11

What is a result of increased sebum?

Answer 11

Increased risk of acne

Question 12

Where is sebum production highest?

3

Answer 12

• Head
• Face
• Shoulders

Question 13

What are 2 types of sweat glands?

Answer 13

• Eccrine sweat glands

- Apocrine sweat glands

Question 14

Where are Eccrine sweat glands found?

Answer 14

All over the body

Question 15

What is the function of Eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 15

Thermoregulation

Question 16

Where are Apocrine sweat glands found?

Answer 16

Deeper in the skin

Question 17

What is the function of Apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 17

Release oily substance into the base of the hair follicle

Question 18

What are pheromones secreted by?

Answer 18

Apocrine glands

Question 19

What are three types of skin receptors?

Answer 19

• Tactile
• Lamellar
• Bulbous

Question 20

How do receptors interpret sensation?

Answer 20

Deformation - Change in shape

Question 21

What are functions of nails?

2

Answer 21

• Protect fingertips

- Enhance sensation

Question 22

What is melanin?

Answer 22

It is a pigment

Question 23

What does the pigment melanin do?

Answer 23

Absorbs UV light, protecting cells from UV damage

Question 24

Where is melanin produced?

Answer 24

Melanocytes

Question 25

How is melanin transferred to epidermal cells?

Answer 25

Melanosomes

Question 26

What are melanosomes?

Answer 26

Vesicles containing Melanin

Question 27

What is a mole?

Answer 27

A cluster of melanocytes

Question 28

What can cause over proliferation of melanocytes?

Answer 28

Sun exposure

Question 29

What is a freckle?

Answer 29

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

Question 30

What causes the overproduction of melanosomes?

Answer 30

Sun exposure

Question 31

Where are Melanocytes found?

Answer 31

Only in the Stratum basale

Question 32

Where are Melanosomes found?

Answer 32

Throughout the Epidermis

Question 33

What happens to the density of Melanocytes throughout the body?

Answer 33

It varies throughout the body

Question 34

Does the density of melanocytes vary between races?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

Why is human skin pigmentation so variable?

Answer 35

It matches UV exposure to that of indigenous populations

Question 36

What is vitamin D required for? | 2

Answer 36

- Normal calcium metabolism | - strong bones

Question 37

What can vitamin D deficiency result in? | 2

Answer 37

- Rickets | - Mood swings

Question 38

What is required for vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 38

UV exposure

Question 39

What is the likely reason for less skin pigmentation in people at higher latitudes?

Answer 39

Less UV exposure

Question 40

Are highly pigmented people more or less susceptible to Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 40

More susceptible

Question 41

Where are highly pigmented people located when more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 41

Extreme latitiudes

Question 42

When do reported incidents of rickets become greatest?

Answer 42

During winter and spring

Question 43

What is particular about NZ UV exposure?

Answer 43

It is intense

Question 44

What are 2 types of skin cancer?

Answer 44

- Basal cell carcinoma | - Malignant melanoma

Question 45

Where does Basel cell carcinoma originate?

Answer 45

Stratum basale

Question 46

What are features of Basal cell carcinoma? | 2

Answer 46

- Common but relatively benign | - Metastasis is rare

Question 47

Where does Malignant melanoma originate?

Answer 47

In melanocytes

Question 48

What are features of Malignant melanoma? | 3

Answer 48

- Rare but deadly if not treated - Highly metastatic - Mortality rate due to tumour, dependant upon the tumour

Question 49

What is Metastasis?

Answer 49

tumour breaking off and growing into new tumours in new places

Question 50

What does the thickness of a melanoma correlate with?

Answer 50

Mortality rate

Question 51

What does a thicker melanoma mean? | 2

Answer 51

- The deeper into the dermis it can get | - The more likely it is to get into the circulatory/lymphatic system

Question 52

What is a tattoo?

Answer 52

Artificial pigmentation

Question 53

What layer is artificial pigmentation stored in for tattoos?

Answer 53

The Dermal layer

Question 54

What type of cells/tissue are tattoos stored in?

Answer 54

Immune cells/Scar tissue

Question 55

What are examples of different types of tattoos? | 2

Answer 55

- Trauma | - Decorative/Cosmetic

Question 56

What is a trauma tattoo?

Answer 56

When foreign bodies become forcibly embedded in the skin

Question 57

What does the Arrector pili muscle aid in?

Answer 57

The insulatory effect