Lecture 44: Female Reproductive Microanatomy

Question 1

what are the female gonads

Answer 1

ovaries

Question 2

what are the glands responsible for oogenesis and steroidogenesis

Answer 2

ovaries

Question 3

oogenesis: definition

Answer 3

formation of oocyte
exocrine

Question 4

steroidogenesis: definition

Answer 4

production and release of sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone

Question 5

2 regions of ovary

Answer 5

cortex
medulla

Question 6

ovary: cortex contents

Answer 6

oocytes and somatic cells

Question 7

medulla contents: ovary

Answer 7

connective tissue
vessels
nerves

Question 8

surface epithelium of ovary aka

Answer 8

mesothelium

Question 9

2 types of somatic cells in ovary

Answer 9

granulosa
theca

Question 10

functional unit of ovary

Answer 10

follicle

Question 11

folliculogenesis

Answer 11

maturation process of ovarian follicles which ends with ovulation and corpus luteum formation

Question 12

3 components of ovarian follicle

Answer 12

theca cells
granulosa cells
oocyte

Question 13

atresia definition

Answer 13

degeneration of follicle

Question 14

3/4 steps of folliculogenesis

Answer 14

recruitment
selection
ovulation OR atresia

Question 15

recruitment: folliculogenesis

Answer 15

primordial follicle –> primary follicle

Question 16

selection: folliculogenesis (assuming ovulation pathway)

Answer 16

secondary follicle –> tertiary/dominant follicle –> ovulation

Question 17

selection: folliculogenesis (atresia pathway)

Answer 17

secondary follicle –> atretic/subordinate follicle –> atresia

Question 18

what does tertiary/dominant follicle become

Answer 18

primary oocyte

Question 19

preantral means

Answer 19

primordial/primitive

Question 20

3 preantral follicle types

Answer 20

primordial
primary
secondary

Question 21

2 antral follicle types

Answer 21

tertiary
atretic

Question 22

primordial follicle: definition, maintained by, components

Answer 22

formed during prenatal development
maintained by mullerian inhibiting substance
components: primary oocyte, undifferentiated granulosa and theca cells

Question 23

primary follicle: formed by, composition

Answer 23

recruited follicles as a result of activation induced by Activin A
composition: primary oocyte, differentiating granulosa and theca cells, zona pellucida covering oocyte, granulosa cells producing estrogens from androgens
-FSH from pituitary dependent

Question 24

what do granulosa cells secrete

Answer 24

Activin A
estrogens
follicular fluid within cavities

Question 25

what do theca cells secrete

Answer 25

androgens

Question 26

secondary follicle: formed by, composition

Answer 26

dependence from FSH to LH, select dominant follicle primary oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, differentiated theca cells, gradual production of antrum cavity

Question 27

tertiary follicle: formed by, composition

Answer 27

results from selection dependent on LH antrum dominant, same composition as secondary follicle + corona radiata and cumulus oophorus

Question 28

what secretion reduces FSH secretion

Answer 28

inhibine from LH

Question 29

what is the female meiotic germ cell (meiosis I)

Answer 29

oocyte

Question 30

oocyte is analogous to what male germ cell

Answer 30

primary spermatocyte

Question 31

ovulation definition

Answer 31

process of follicle rupture to expel oocyte as a result of preovulatory surge of LH

Question 32

3 steps of ovulation

Answer 32

follicular wall breaks oocyte is expelled oocyte completes meiosis I

Question 33

corpus luteum formation: process (2)

Answer 33

corpus hemorrhagicum: ruptured follicle fills with blood, clot forms corpus luterum: clot removed, walls collapse and both theca and granulosa cells transform into luteal cells that secrete progesterone

Question 34

what happens to corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur

Answer 34

corpus albicans cells degenerate by influence of PGFalpha --> luteolysis replaced by collagen rich scar

Question 35

function of corpus luteum during pregnancy

Answer 35

maintain pregnancy by secreting progesterone

Question 36

where is PGFalpha secreted (by what structure)

Answer 36

endometrium

Question 37

PGFalpha function/effects

Answer 37

induce loss of blood vessels corpus luteum dies due to ischemia hyaline necrosis

Question 38

if implantation occurs: response

Answer 38

hormones from trophoblast signal endometrium to not release PGFalpha corpus luteum does not undergo luteolysis

Question 39

2 cell types in corpus luteum

Answer 39

granulosa lutein cells theca lutein cells

Question 40

which cells produce progesteron

Answer 40

granulosa lutein cells

Question 41

which cells produce estrogen

Answer 41

theca lutein cells

Question 42

uterine tubes aka

Answer 42

oviducts

Question 43

2 cell types in mucosa: uterine tubes

Answer 43

ciliated cells peg cells

Question 44

peg cells: function

Answer 44

secrete fluid for survival of sperm, oocyte and embryo in uterine tubes

Question 45

what is the mesosalpynx

Answer 45

serosa in uterine tubes

Question 46

4 layers of uterus

Answer 46

perimetrium myometrium endometrium mesometrium

Question 47

2 muscle layers of myometrium: uterus

Answer 47

longitudinal muscle circular muscle

Question 48

what separates the 2 muscle layers of myometrium

Answer 48

connective tissue

Question 49

what is the mesometrium in the uterus

Answer 49

broad ligament

Question 50

function of mesometrium in uterus

Answer 50

enclose uterine horn

Question 51

what layer of uterus is lamina propria located

Answer 51

endometrium

Question 52

do domestic mammals menstruate

Answer 52

no

Question 53

what kind of cycle do domestic mammals have

Answer 53

estrus

Question 54

2 layers/regions of endometrium: uterus

Answer 54

stratum functionale stratum basale

Question 55

stratum functionale epithelium: uterus

Answer 55

simple columnar

Question 56

stratum basale cells: uterus

Answer 56

mesenchymal cells stroma

Question 57

2 regions of cervix

Answer 57

endocervix ectocervix

Question 58

endocervix vs extocervix: epithelium

Answer 58

endocervix: stratified columnar ectocervix: stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Question 59

vagina: innate defense mechanism

Answer 59

contains population of nonpathogenic bacteria that keep under control pathogenic bacteria stimulated by estrogens --> epithelium will produce and release glycogen that is metabolized by bacteria into lactic acid --> lowers pH (acidic) for protection

Question 60

is semen acidic or alkaline

Answer 60

alkaline

Question 61

2 types of secretion: mammary glands

Answer 61

apocrine - lipids merocrine - proteins

Question 62

nonlactating mammary glands: features (4)

Answer 62

simple cuboidal gland component is sparse stroma of dense CT myoepithelial cells surround terminal duct

Question 63

lactating mammary glands: 2 cells

Answer 63

secreting cells inactive cells

Question 64

what do lactating mammary glands secrete

Answer 64

milk

Question 65

secreting vs inactive cells epithelium: mammary glands

Answer 65

secreting = simple columnar inactive = simple cuboidal

Question 66

lactating mammary glands: features (3)

Answer 66

gland component is abundant stroma of loose CT myoepithelial cells surround alveoli

Question 67

mammary glands: duct system path

Answer 67

teat sinus --> teat sphincter --> papillary duct --> teat orifice

Question 68

what is the corpus hemorrhagicum

Answer 68

structure formed during 1st face of corpus luteum formation when ruptured follicle fills with blood and a clot is formed

Question 69

what is the corpus albicans

Answer 69

structure formed when pregnancy goes not occur secretion of PGFalpha by endometrium causes degeneration of cells

Question 70

which cells produce estrogens and at what stage in folliculogenesis does this occur

Answer 70

granulosa cells primary follice

Question 71

which cells secrete androgens

Answer 71

theca cells