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Anatomy I > Lecture 24: Thorax III, Microanatomy and development > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Thorax III, Microanatomy and development Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

4 layers of trachea

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-cartilaginous layer
-adventitia

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2
Q

trachea mucosa: features

A

-ciliated
-pseudostratified epithelium
-elastic, fiber rich lamina propria

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3
Q

trachea submucosa: features

A

-denser connective tissue than lamina propria

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4
Q

trachea cartilaginous layer

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

trachea adventitia

A

connective tissue that binds the trachea to adjacent structures

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6
Q

location of lamina propria

A

between basement membrane and submucosa

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7
Q

3 main types of cells in epithelium: trachea

A

-goblet
-ciliated
-basal

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8
Q

goblet cells in trachea

A

-produce mucous coat
-contain mucinogen granules

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9
Q

ciliated cells in trachea

A

-coordinated swiping motion of mucous coat from farthest passage to larynx

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10
Q

basal cells in trachea

A

stem cells that differentiate to replace goblet cells and ciliated cells

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11
Q

which cell type is the most numerous in the trachea

A

ciliated cells

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12
Q

basement membrane: trachea

A

-thick
-densely packed collagen fibers

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13
Q

lamina propria: 3 features

A

-loose connective tissue
-very cellular/vascular
-primary immune response

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14
Q

submucosa: trachea

A

-loose connective tissue (similar appearance to lamina propria)
-diffuse lymphatic tissue and lympathic nodules that extend from lamina propria
-contains large distributing vessels
-contains submucosal glands composed of mucous secreting acinus

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15
Q

trachea cartilages: definition, function

A

–made of C shaped cartilages
-provide flexibility to tracheal pipe and maintain patency of lumen

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16
Q

organization of cartilage: trachea

A

-cartilage surrounded by bone tissue and fibroelastic membrane (tracheal muscle)

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17
Q

2 main divisions of trachea

A

left primary/main bronchus
right primary/main bronchus

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18
Q

main/primary bronchi divide into __________ and when?

A

-lobar/secondary bronchi
-once entering the hilum

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19
Q

lobar/secondary bronchi divide into ______

A

segmental/tertiary bronchi

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20
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

segmental/tertiary bronchus + supplied parenchyma

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21
Q

which bronchus is similar to the trachea in appearance

A

primary

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22
Q

structure/organization of secondary and tertiary bronchi: 5 layers (superficial to deep)

A

-epithelium (goblet, ciliated, basal cells)
-lamina propria
-smooth muscle
-submucosa
-cartilage

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23
Q

function of smooth muscle in secondary/tertiary bronchi

A

contract airways

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24
Q

what kind of cells are found within cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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25
alveolar sacs vs alveoli
sacs are group of alveoli
26
organization/branching of bronchioles: from trachea to alveoli
trachea --> main/primary bronchus --> lobar/secondary bronchus --> segmental/tertiary bronchus --> terminal bronchiole --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar duct --> alveolar sacs --> alveoli
27
how does epithelium transform within bronchiole (think: cross section of bronchiole)
simple columnar to cuboidal with clara cells
28
function of clara cells in bronchiole
secrete lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion
29
are cartilage plates absent or present in bronchiole
absent
30
what is the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree (what 4 structures)
-terminal bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveolar sacs
31
terminal bronchioles: location, function
-most distal of conducting portion -do not engage in gas exchange
32
respiratory bronchioles: location, function
-beginning of respiratory portion of bronchial tree -engage in gas exchange
33
alveolar ducts: location, features
-surround duct space -elongated airways with no walls
34
alveolar sacs: definition/location
spaces that are at the termination of alveolar ducts
35
alveoli function
increase surface area for gas exchange
36
what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified
37
2 types of cells that line alveoli surface
-pneumocytes I pneumocytes II
38
pneumocytes I: features, function
-simple squamous -extremely thin, compressed nucleus -line most of alveoli surface (95%) -form effective barrier between air space and septal wall
39
pneumocytes II: features, function
-cuboidal cells, rounded nucleus -line 5% of alveoli surface -interspersed among pneumocytes I -secrete surfactant
40
surfactant
-phospholipids and hydrophobic proteins that reduce surface tension at air-epithelium interface -prevent collapse of alveoli
41
which pneuomocyte type secretes surfactant
II
42
lamellar bodies: function, location
-contain surfactant synthesized from precursors in blood (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) -in pneumocytes I and II
43
interalveolar septum: definition
site of air blood barrier
44
air blood barrier = (hint: 3 things)
surfactant + pneumocytes I + endothelium
45
2 regions of interalveolar septum
-thin region -thick region
46
thick region of interalveolar septum
contain connective tissue and macrophages
47
thin region of interalveolar septum
forms air-blood barrier and responsible for most of gas exchange
48
do alveoli contain macrophages?
yes
49
where does gas exchange occur
within thin region of interalveolar septum
50
deoxygenated blood from right heart goes to alveoli via
pulmonary artery
51
oxygenated blood from left heart goes to airways via
bronchial artery
52
oxygenated blood returning to left heart via
pulmonary veins
53
2 anatomical divisions of bronchiole
-conducting -respiratory
54
5 structures within conducting division of bronchial tree
-nasal cavities -larynx -trachea -primary bronchi -bronchial tree
55
4 structures within respiratory division of bronchial tree
-bronchiole -alveolar duct -alveolar sacs -alveoli
56
formation/development of terminal bronchioles
foregut and respiratory diverticulum --> bronchi with left and right buds --> trachea + 3 lobar bronchi branch on right and 2 lobar bronchi branch on left --> continued development of segmental and terminal bronchiole
57
respiratory diverticulum definition
outgrowth from ventral wall of foregut (lung bud)
58
endoderm gives rise to
epithelium
59
mesoderm gives rise to (3)
-cartilage -muscle -connective tissue
60
formation of respiratory bronchioles
-further division of terminal bronchioles -increased vascularization (capillaries)
61
respiratory bronchioles give rise to
primitive alveoli with pneumocytes I and II
62
visceral pleura comes from
visceral mesoderm that lines the lungs
63
parietal pleura comes from
parietal/somatic mesoderm that lines body wall
64
pleural cavity comes from
intraembryonic body cavity/coelom
65
what kind of tissues are lungs made of (hint: developmental)
endoderm and mesoderm
66
when are majority of alveoli formed
during first few years of postnatal life
67
postnatal maturation of lungs (3)
-breathing movements begin before birth and cause aspiration of amniotic fluid -when respiration starts at birth, fluid is resorbed by blood and lymph capillaries -when fluid is resorbed by alveoli, surfactant remains as phospholipid coat to prevent collapse during expiration

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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