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Anatomy I > Lecture 26: Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Peripheral Blood Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is circulating blood

A

Not in bone marrow or other sites of hematopoiesis

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2
Q

5 functions of peripheral blood

A

-transport
-coagulation
-thermoregulation
-acid base balance
-osmotic balance

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3
Q

What kind of tissue is peripheral blood

A

Specialized connective tissue

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4
Q

2 components of peripheral blood

A

Cells
Plasma

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells in peripheral blood

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6
Q

Extracellular matrix in peripheral blood

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What is serum (hematocrit)

A

Plasma without coagulation factors

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8
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Gas transport

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9
Q

Platelets function

A

Coagulation

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10
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many rbcs

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11
Q

Anemia

A

Not enough rbcs

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12
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Wbcs appear like they’re exploding (leukemia)

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13
Q

What is the most numerous cell type

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

What percent of total blood volume is occupied by erythrocytes

A

40-45%

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15
Q

How are erythrocytes removed from bloodstream at the end of their lives

A

Macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow

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16
Q

Erythrocytes: shape

A

Biconcave disk

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17
Q

Importance of erythrocyte shape

A

Maximize cell surface are and maneuverability through small blood vessels
Can squeeze into vessels (due to indentation in pale center)

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18
Q

What color is the center of erythrocytes

A

Pale

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19
Q

What structures do erythrocytes lack (compared to other normal cells)

A

Nucleus
Organelles

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20
Q

Erythropoiesis: duration, location, stimulated by

A

-7 days
-in bone marrow
-stimulated by erythropoietin/hypoxia

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21
Q

What 3 elements are essential for hemoglobin production

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

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22
Q

5 Characteristics of erythropoiesis (summary of events)

A

-decreasing volume
-condensing/ejection of nucleus
-free ribosomes decrease
-hemoglobin increases
-shift from basophilic to acidophilic

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23
Q

Immature erythrocytes are called

A

Reticulocytes

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24
Q

Injury that causes blood loss: what happens to erythrocytes

A

Reticulocytes go into circulation prematurely

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25
Location of leukocyte transport vs function
Transport = peripheral blood Function = connective tissue
26
4 steps of leukocyte transport to injury
-release of cytokines -wbcs migrate -adhesion to endothelium (epithelial cells) of postcapillary venule -diapedesis (aided by histamine and heparin) -amoeboid movement through connective tissue
27
Diapedesis
Passage of wbc’s through capillary walls (walls create small opening for cells to go through)
28
2 general types of leukocytes
-granulocytes -agranulocytosis
29
Granulocytes: 3 types, nuclei shape
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils -lobulated nuclei
30
Agranuloctyes: 2 types, nuclei shape
- lympocytes, monocytes -round nuclei
31
Granulocytes vs agranuloctyes: main difference
Agranulocytes = no specific granules Granulocytes = specific granules
32
2 types of granules in granulocytes
-primary -secondary
33
Primary granules
Lysosomes
34
Secondary granules
Enzymes with specific function
35
Which granulocyte is most numerous wbc
Neutrophil
36
Function of neutrophils
Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria
37
Neutrophil appearance: histology
-granules are pale pink/lavender -multi lobed dark nucleus (2-5 lobes)
38
What are azurophilic granules
Lysosomes
39
Specific granules vs primary granules
Specific more oblong than lysosomes
40
Which cell type if a major component of pus
Neutrophils
41
Function of cytokine release
Recruit more leukocytes Promote inflammation and fever
42
Function of eosinophils
PARASITE destruction Phagocytosis antigen-antibody complexes Modulate inflammatory response
43
Eosinophils: nucleus
2 lobes
44
Eosinophils: specific granules
Contain major basic protein that is antiparasitic Looks like a cat’s eye at TEM
45
Function of basophils
Initiate inflammatory response and hypersensitivity reactions
46
Basophils: nucleus
S shaped Obscured by granules
47
Basophils: cytoplasm color
Purple = basophilic
48
Basophils: specific granules
Heparin, histamine Dark appearance
49
Basophils have a similar function/structure as what cells
Mast cells
50
Agranuloctyes: nucleus
Round (not lobed)
51
Are granulocytes or agranulocytes long lived
Agranuloctyes
52
Lymphocytes: cytoplasm appearance
Light blue Thin rim around nucleus Small relative to nucleus
53
What is the only wbc/agranulocyte to return to blood after being in connective tissue or lymphatic organ
Lymphocytes
54
Lymphocytes have an abundance of what organelle
Free ribosomes
55
3 types of lymphocytes
T cells B cells Natural killer (NK) cells
56
B cells: function
Antibody mediated immunity
57
B cells differentiate into
Plasma cells
58
T cells function
Participate in cell mediated immunity Act against foreign cells, virus infected **antigen
59
Natural killer cells: function
Innate immune response
60
What kind of circulation system is peripheral blood
Closed
61
Why do we call rbcs formed elements
Not really cells because no organelles or nuclei
62
Hematocrit
-after centrifugation 55% plasma (top layer) 40-45% rbcs (bottom layer) 1% Buffy coat (wbcs and platelets) in middle layer
63
Peripheral blood smear: stain
Eosin and methylene blue
64
Erythropoiesis: process
Erythroblast (with nucleus) -> nucleus ejected —> Reticulocyte —> condensed down more into mature erythrocyte
65
Where does diapedesis occur
Postcapillary venules/beds
66
How are wbcs removed
Commit apoptosis Cleaned up by macrophages
67
How are agranulocytes similar to all other leukocytes
-travel in peripheral blood Diapedesis Host defense Have primary granules
68
Agranulocytes vs granulocytes
-no specific granules -long lived Round nuclei
69
Largest agranulocyte
Monocytes
70
Monocytes: functions
Become macrophages (clean up after injury) Assist with antigen presentation
71
Monocytes: nucleus
Kidney bean shaped
72
Platelets aka
Thrombocytes
73
Function of platelets
Limit hemorrhage
74
Neutrophils are specific to
Bacteria
75
Platelets: nucleus
None
76
Platelets: staining
Dark
77
Platelets originate from what cells and where
Megakaryocytes Bone marrow
78
Demarcation channels
Invaginations of plasma membrane that partition cytoplasmic fragments into proplatelets that break off to form platelets
79
Where are demarcation channels found
In platelets
80
3 steps of platelet function
Activation - find injury Adhesion to injury Aggregation - adhere to each other

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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