Lecture 32: Abdomen V Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Spleen

Question 1

what is the largest gland in the body

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

liver functions (4)

Answer 2

-carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
-forms BILE
-destroys old RBCs
-vitamin and iron storage

Question 3

destruction of RBCs in liver (what happens)

Answer 3

hemoglobin is excreted as bilirubin in bile

Question 4

contents of bile (6)

Answer 4

-detoxified waste
-bile salts
-cholesterol
-phospholipid
-bilirubin
-electrolytes

Question 5

why is bile necessary (4 functions)

Answer 5

-emulsification
-absorption
-digestion of fat
-make intestinal contents more alkaline (raise pH)

Question 6

what cells produce bile

Answer 6

hepatocytes

Question 7

what does bile mix with for absorption

Answer 7

chyme

Question 8

location of liver

Answer 8

cranial to stomach

Question 9

2 surfaces of liver

Answer 9

-visceral
-diaphragmatic

Question 10

visceral surface of liver

Answer 10

impressions made by stomach

Question 11

diaphragmatic surface

Answer 11

pull diaphragm away

Question 12

6 lobes of liver

Answer 12

-right and left lateral
-right and left medial
-quadrate
-caudate

Question 13

blood supply to liver

Answer 13

-majority from portal vein
-some from hepatic artery

Question 14

hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 14

portion of lesser omentum containing portal structures (hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct)

Question 15

hepatic artery

Answer 15

supply oxygenated blood to liver (25%)

Question 16

portal vein: definition

Answer 16

delivers blood drained from abdominal digestive organs to liver
delivers 75% of liver’s blood supply

Question 17

bile duct

Answer 17

delivers bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum

Question 18

where does portal vein receive blood from (2 with branches)

Answer 18

-gastroduodenal vein (right gastroepiploic, cranial pancreaticoduodenal)
-splenic vein (left gastroepiploic, pancreatics)

Question 19

portal triad: 3 components

Answer 19

-portal areas
-hepatic sinusoids, bile canaliculi
-centrilobular region

Question 20

portal areas: portal triad

Answer 20

-contain branches of portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Question 21

hepatic sinusoids: portal triad

Answer 21

-hepatocytes interact with venous and arterial blood
-hepatocytes secrete bile into bile canaliculi

Question 22

bile canaliculi: definition and function

Answer 22

-channels formed by tight junctions between hepatocytes
-transport bile to bile ductules (biliary system)

Question 23

centrilobular region: portal triad

Answer 23

-deO2 blood carried to central vein

Question 24

where does central vein drain to

Answer 24

hepatic vein –> caudal vena cava

Question 25

which direction does bile travel vs blood

Answer 25

opposite

Question 26

bilirubin: definition

Answer 26

brown pigment from breakdown of heme -excreted in bile

Question 27

how blood and bile flows within portal triad

Answer 27

-material in sinusoidal blood passes through gaps in endothelial cells to enter perisinusoidal space of Disse --> absorbed by hepatocytes

Question 28

gallbladder functions (3)

Answer 28

-collect and store bile from liver -concentration of bile (remove water and electrolytes) -release bile into duodenum

Question 29

what is gallbladder surrounded by

Answer 29

lobes of liver

Question 30

how does gallbladder release bile into duodenum

Answer 30

-duodenum and jejunum release cholecystokinin to cause rhythmic contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 31

biliary tree

Answer 31

-Hepatic ducts drain into main cystic duct that drains to bile duct which drains into duodenum -bile duct joins pancreatic duct

Question 32

what structure controls bile and pancreatic juice drainage

Answer 32

sphincter of oddi

Question 33

contraction of sphincter of oddi (sphincter of bile duct): effects

Answer 33

-prevent bile from entering duodenum -bile flows up cystic duct to gallbladder for concentration and storage

Question 34

gallbladder: microanatomy (5 layers and functions)

Answer 34

-muscoa: simple columnar epithelium, short microvilli -lamina propria: Na+ and water transported to concentrate bile -muscularis exxterna: smooth muscle layers for peristalsis to empty bile from gallbladder -adventitia: anchors to liver -serosa: peritoneum, covers free surface

Question 35

what structure/organ do horses lack

Answer 35

gallbladder

Question 36

equine adaptation to no gallbladder

Answer 36

-widened bile duct = bile delivered to duodenum -bile flows constantly

Question 37

what is the largest lymphoid organ in the body

Answer 37

spleen

Question 38

where do pancreatic ducts form and drain to

Answer 38

-form within body of pancreas -drains into duodenum

Question 39

2 gland components of pancreas

Answer 39

-endocrine -exocrine

Question 40

pancreas: exocrine gland

Answer 40

-produce digestive juices that are discharged into duodenum through ducts (from pancreatic acini) -juice contains enzymes that break down protein, carbohydrates and fats

Question 41

pancreas: endocrine gland

Answer 41

-pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) source of insulin, glucagon and gastrin for carbohydrate metabolism

Question 42

left lobe of pancreas adjacent to

Answer 42

greater curvature of stomach

Question 43

right lobe of pancreas adjacent to

Answer 43

descending duodenum

Question 44

exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes: process

Answer 44

acinus --> intercalated duct --> intralobular duct

Question 45

islets of langerhans release hormones into

Answer 45

fenestrated capillaries

Question 46

2 types of pancreatic acini

Answer 46

-acinar cell -centroacinar cell

Question 47

pancreatic acinar cell: definition and function

Answer 47

compound tubuloacinar serous glands release granules of digestive enzymes

Question 48

centroacinar cell: definition and function

Answer 48

compound tubuloacinar serous glands produce alkaline fluid to keep digestive enzymes inactive

Question 49

which acinar cell contains receptors for cholecystokinin from duodenum

Answer 49

pancreatic acinar cell

Question 50

3 types of islet cells

Answer 50

alpha beta delta

Question 51

majority of islet cells are what type

Answer 51

beta

Question 52

alpha islet cells

Answer 52

produce glucagon

Question 53

beta islet cells

Answer 53

produce insulin

Question 54

delta islet cells

Answer 54

produce somatostatin

Question 55

how are islets of langerhans stained

Answer 55

pale

Question 56

blood supply to pancreas: anastamoses

Answer 56

cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries -pancreaticoduodenal arcade

Question 57

cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery: parent artery

Answer 57

gastroduodenal --> hepatic --> CELIAC

Question 58

caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery: parent artery

Answer 58

Cranial mesenteric

Question 59

spleen: functions (4)

Answer 59

blood reservoir (store rbcs and platelets) destroy old rbcs filter foreign particles, bacteria, phagocytic cells produce lymphocytes

Question 60

which surface of spleen contacts the kidney

Answer 60

renal surface

Question 61

which surface of spleen contacts intestines

Answer 61

intestinal surface

Question 62

which surface of spleen sits next to stomach

Answer 62

gastric surface

Question 63

greater omentum in spleen aka

Answer 63

gastrosplenic ligament

Question 64

where does spleen originate/develop from

Answer 64

dorsal mesogastrium

Question 65

blood supply: spleen (2)

Answer 65

left gastroepiploic artery and vein from splenic artery and vein short gastric arteries and veins

Question 66

arterial supply to stomach comes from

Answer 66

splenic artery

Question 67

why is spleen located adjacent to left region of greater curvature of stomach

Answer 67

stomach rotates during development

Question 68

feline splenic vasculature: difference

Answer 68

Left gastroepiploics branch from caudal splenic artery and vein (have 2 splenic arteries)

Question 69

microanatomy of spleen (2 components)

Answer 69

red pulp white pulp

Question 70

red pulp: spleen

Answer 70

-contains macrophages that hemolyze damaged rbcs contains all formed elements of circulating blood

Question 71

white pulp: spleen

Answer 71

1/4 of body's lymphocytes that attack antigens circulating in blood

Question 72

which pulp type constitutes 75% of spleen volume

Answer 72

red