Lectures 2-3: Cytology I And II Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Cytology definition
A
Study of the cell
2
Q
Cytoplasm historically known as
A
Protoplasm
3
Q
Function of plasma membrane
A
Surround nuclear envelope and cytoplasm
4
Q
Nuclear envelope contains
A
DNA
5
Q
Cytoplasm contains (3)
A
-cytosol
-suspended organelles
-cytoskeleton
6
Q
What is cytosol
A
Matrix of H20 and solutes contained in cytoplasm
7
Q
Unit membrane definition
A
Selective barrier around some cells and organelles
8
Q
What is the difference between a plasma membrane and a unit membrane
A
No difference
9
Q
Components of phospholipid
A
-hydrophobic tails
-hydrophilic heads
10
Q
2 faces of plasma membrane
A
-E face
-P face
11
Q
Orientation of phospholipids in bilayer
A
-hydrophilic heads face towards ECF/cytoplasm, hydrophobic tails face inwards on each other
-E face: faces ECF
-P face: faces cytoplasm
12
Q
Other components found in plasma membrane (2)
A
-peripheral and integral proteins
-glycocalyx
13
Q
Glycocalyx
A
Sugar coat on E face
14
Q
2 main types of cellular transport
A
-passive
-active
15
Q
Passive transport definition
A
No energy required
16
Q
Diffusion
A
-gradient dependent
-passive
17
Q
Membrane transport
A
-requires membrane transport proteins
-may be active or passive
18
Q
Vesicular transport definition
A
Transportation of material into or out of cell by membrane bound vesicles
19
Q
Is vesicular transport active or passive
A
Active because need to make membrane
20
Q
2 types of vesicular transport
A
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
21
Q
Endocytosis aka
A
Absorption
22
Q
Exocytosis aka
A
Secretion
23
Q
Exocytosis process: general (3)
A
-material packaged into secretory vesicles by Golgi apparatus
-transported to plasma membrane
-fuse with plasma membrane and released into ECF
24
Q
2 types of exocytosis
A
-regulated
-constitutive
25
Regulated exocytosis process (4)
-vesicles congregate near plasma membrane
-secretory granules, vesicles waiting for signal will concentrate product
-secretions condense
-signaled release into ECF
26
Example of cells that use regulated exocytosis
-goblet cell
-cells that secrete mucous
27
Constitutive exocytosis
-continuous secretion into ECF (immediate)
-no accumulation of vesicles
-no signaling
28
Examples of cells that use constitutive exocytosis
-fibroblasts
-plasma cells
29
3 types of endocytosis
-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis
30
Endocytosis process (2)
-plasma membrane in folds to form vesicle containing inbound material
-vesicles fuse with lysosomes
31
pinocytosis aka
cellular drinking
32
main function of pinocytosis
-membrane trafficking: recycling plasma membrane to maintain size of cell
33
what is taken up during pinocytosis
water, small dissolved solutes
34
pinocytotic vesicles aka
caveolae
35
phagocytosis aka
cellular eating
36
phagocytosis definition/what is consumed
engulfing large particles, cell debris, bacteria
37
what is a unique feature of phagocytosis (what do they use to consume things)
pseudopodia
38
phagocytosis process (4)
-pseudopodia extend/surround material
-phagosomes (vesicles) are formed
-phagosomes fuse with lysosomes
-lysosomes process/degrade/recycle material
39
example of a phagocytic cell
macrophage
40
characteristics of phagocytic cell (2)
-pseudopodia
-phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes
41
main function of phagocytosis
host defense and cleanup after injury
42
membrane trafficking during endocytosis vs exocytosis
-endocytosis: portions of cell membrane become endocytotic vesicles
-exocytosis: cell membrane returned to cell surface
43
organelle definition
intracellular structure that performs specific cellular function
44
how many organelles are found in animal cell
7
45
what are the 7 organelles found in animal cell
-nucleus
-ribosomes
-rough ER
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-mitochondria
-smooth ER
46
4 components of nucleus
-nuclear envelope/plasma membrane
-nuclear pores
-chromatin/DNA
-nucleolus
47
function of nuclear pores
let DNA/RNA out of cell
48
function of nucleolus
assemble rRNA/ribosomes
49
chromatin definition
strands of DNA
50
2 types of chromatin
-euchromatin
-heterochromatin
51
euchromatin
-uncoiled DNA because busy with active transcription
-more electron lucent so appears pale
52
heterochromatin
-coiled DNA because inactive (so DNA is condensed)
-more electron dense so appears dark
53
a large, open/vesicular nucleus with more euchromatin is indicative of a more _______ cell
active
54
ribosomes main function
make proteins
55
2 types of ribosomes
-free ribosomes (polyribosomes)
-ER bound ribosomes
56
free ribosomes (polyribosomes) create what kind of proteins
cytoplasmic --> stay in cytoplasm
57
ER bound ribosomes create what kind of proteins/enzymes
membrane and secretory proteins, lysosomal enzymes
58
ER bound ribosomes must be attached to __________ in order to leave the cell
golgi apparatus
59
rough ER definition
interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis
60
outer surface of rough ER contains:
ER bound ribosomes
61
inner lumen of rough ER contains
cisterna
62
cisterna: function
where proteins are synthesized
63
a cell containing a lot of rough ER most likely functions in ___________
secretion
64
golgi apparatus definition/function
interconnected, flattened sacs where proteins from rough ER are processed, sorted, packaged within cisterna
65
rough ER vs smooth ER
smooth ER does not have ribosomes
66
rough ER to golgi apparatus: 3 destinations
-unit membranes
-secretion (secretory vesicles)
-lysosomes
67
lysosomes structure
-spherical
-membrane enclosed
68
lysosome digestive compartments
enzymes (acid hydrolases) that process/degrade lysosomal contents
69
why do lysosomes have varied electron densities
because concentration of digestive compartments vary according to specific function
70
what do lysosomes fuse with (3)
-autophagosomes
-endocytotic vesicles
-phagosomes in specialized cells
71
mitochondria function
ATP synthesis
72
mitochondria shape
rod shaped
73
how many membranes do mitochondria have
2
74
mitochondria: 2 unit membranes structure
-outer is smooth
-inner is folded and forms cristae
75
what indicates the energy requirements of the cell
number of mitochondria
76
what are cristae
-folds of inner membrane of mitochondria that provide greater surface area
-extend into matrix
77
most common place where vesicular mitochondria are found
steroid hormone producing cells
78
smooth ER structure
interconnected membrane enclosed tubules (not sacs)
79
smooth ER is abundant in what kind of cells (2)
-cells that detoxify (liver)
-cells that secrete steroid hormones
80
is smooth ER present in all cells
yes
81
main functions of smooth ER (3)
-autophagy
-synthesize lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides
-metabolism
82
3 cytoskeletal elements found in animal cells
-actin
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules
83
3 functions of cytoskeleton
-cell morphology/shape
-cell mobility
-interact with extracellular matrix
84
actin are what kind of filaments
thin
85
which filament has the smallest diameter
actin
86
functions of actin (4)
-anchor cells to each other and extracellular matrix
-form structural core of microvilli, stereocilia
-movement (contraction, extending)
87
functions of intermediate filaments (2)
-cell to cell adhesion
-cell to extracellular matrix adhesion
88
features of intermediate filaments (2)
-high tensile strength
-constructed of different substances in different cells
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what is the largest cytoskeletal component
microtubules
90
functions of microtubules (3)
-provide rigidity to cell shape
-aid intercellular transport
-movement of cell, cilia, flagella
91
how do we differentiate actin from microtubules
-microtubules have a lumen
92
microtubules are a structural component of: (3)
-centrioles
-basal bodies
-cilia
93
inclusions: definition
substances in cytoplasm not dissolved and not membrane bound
94
examples of inclusions
-glycogen
-pigment
-lipids
95
2 functional faces of golgi apparatus
-cis face
-trans face
96
where does cis face of golgi face
rough ER
97
where does trans face of golgi complex face
plasma membrane
98
2 ways cristae extend into matrix
-as broad flattened folds of inner membrane
-as tubular folds of flattened membrane
99
in vesicular mitochondria, how do cristae extend into matrix (shape)
tubular folds
100
rough ER vs smooth ER shape
-rough ER is membranous sacs
-smooth ER is membrane enclosed tubules
