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Anatomy I > Lecture 18: Vertebral Column and Back Musculature > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Vertebral Column and Back Musculature Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

2 divisions of skeleton

A

-axial
-appendicular

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2
Q

axial skeleton: 4 components

A

-skull/cranium
-vertebral column
-ribs
-sternum

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton: 4 parts

A

-limb bones
-pelvis
-scapula
-clavicle

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4
Q

what are joints (2 functions)

A

articulations that:
-firmly unite bones
-allow specific movements between bones (restrict unwanted movements)

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5
Q

flexion: definition

A

movement that reduces angle between bones

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6
Q

extension: definition

A

movement that increases angle between bones

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7
Q

lateral flexion

A

flexed to the right
extended to the left

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8
Q

dorsiflexion/dorsoventral flexion: definition

A

-bending toward body

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9
Q

dorsiflexion in cheetah significance

A

increases stride length

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10
Q

5 functional regions of vertebral column

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral
-coccygeal

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11
Q

cervical vertebrae: appearance

A

-small spinous process
-transverse process splits into dorsal and ventral tubercles

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12
Q

thoracic vertebrae: appearance, articulation

A

-prominent spinous process
-short transverse process
-articulate with ribs

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13
Q

lumbar vertebrae: appearance, articulation

A

-transverse process cranioventrally oriented
-blunt spinous process
-articular processes in sagittal plane

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14
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-5 fused vertebrae
-articulate with ileum at sacroiliac joint

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15
Q

number of vertebrae: canine

A

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20
**Cd = caudal/coccygeal

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16
Q

number of vertebrae: equine

A

C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd20

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17
Q

number of vertebrae: bovine

A

C7, T13, L6, S5, Cd18-20

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18
Q

number of vertebrae: caprine (goat)

A

C7, T13, L6-7, S5, Cd16-18

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19
Q

number of vertebrae: porcine (pig)

A

C7, T14-15, L6, S4, Cd20-23

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20
Q

what 2 regions of vertebral column are variations between species most prominent

A

thoracic and caudal

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21
Q

vertebrae articulate via _________ and ______________

A

ligaments, joints

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22
Q

intervertebral discs: location and functions

A

-between vertebral bodies
-compressible, absorb shock, allow movements along many axes

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23
Q

function of synovial joints

A

-joint capsules
allow sliding movements between articular processes (arches) of adjacent vertebrae

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24
Q

what do synovial joints contain

A

synovial fluid (smooth, viscous lubricant)

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25
2 components of intervertebral disk
-anulus fibrosus -nucleus pulposus
26
nucleus pulposus
-central core of intervertebral disk -semifluid at birth but dehydrates with age
27
anulus fibrosus
-concentric rings of fibrocartilage surrounding nucleus pulposus
28
function of joints
allow stereotypic, predictable movement
29
function of ligaments
limit excessive movement across joints
30
4 vertebral ligaments
-supraspinous -interspinous -dorsal longitudinal -ventral longitudinal
31
supraspinous ligament: 2 functions
-connect spinous processes of vertebra -limit excessive flexion of vertebral column
32
interspinous ligament: 2 functions
-connect spinous processes of vertebra -limit excessive FLEXION of vertebral column
33
supraspinous vs interspinous ligament location
supraspinous = superficial interspinous = deep
34
which vertebral ligament(s) do cats lack
supraspinous and nuchal
35
3 functions of dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments
-connect vertebral bodies -limit disc herniation -limit extension EXTENSION
36
which ligament is a specialized part of the supraspinous ligament
nuchal ligament
37
supraspinous ligament continues into the neck as __________
nuchal ligament
38
nuchal ligament functions (2)
-support majority of mass of the head without muscular effort -where muscle attaches
39
where does nuchal ligament attach to (which vertebrae)
C2
40
vertebral foramen definition
hole of vertebrae (where spinal nerves form and branch)
41
ramus is latin for
branch
42
spinal nerve roots: function and 2 types
-dorsal and ventral -join to form spinal nerve then branch into rami
43
dorsal root branches into
dorsal rami
44
ventral root branches into
ventral rami
45
which direction does dorsal rami travel
dorsally
46
dorsal vs ventral rami size
ventral are larger
47
spinal nerve communicans
-white and grey -branch of ventral rami -sympathetic trunk ganglion (pathway for ANS)
48
dorsal root ganglion: neuron type
sensory, pseudounipolar
49
epaxial muscles function
-support vertebral column -major part of locomotion
50
which ramus innervates epaxial muscles
dorsal
51
dorsal root ganglion function
contain cell bodies for dorsal roots
52
do epaxial muscles attach to limbs
no
53
what kind of movements do epaxial muscles produce (hint: think anatomical planes)
sagittal
54
origin: definition
proximal end of muscle that is fixed during contraction
55
insertion: definition
distal end of muscle that attaches to mobile portion of bone
56
innervation: definition
peripheral nerve that provides motor innervation to and takes sensory innervation from a muscle
57
action: definition
product of movement generated by muscle contraction
58
hypaxial muscles are innervated by which rami
ventral
59
ventral rami innervate what structures
-hypaxial muscles of back -all other somatic structures of body
60
cutaneous trunci: OINA
O+I: skin and superficial fascia of dorsal, lateral and ventral walls of thorax; abdomen N: lateral thoracic nerve A: twitches skin
61
function of hypaxial muscles
-limb movement and stability (locomotion)
62
where are hypaxial muscles positioned relative to expaxial
superficial to epaxial
63
if the muscle attaches to a limb, is it hypaxial or expaxial
hypaxial
64
trapezius: OINA
O: meidal raphe and supraspinous ligament from C3 to T9 vertebrae, nuchal plane of skull I: spine of scapula N: vagus nerve A: elevation of limb, draws it forward
65
latissimus dorsi: OINA
O: lumbosacral fascia from spinous process of L vertebrae and last thoracic vertebrae, arises from last two or three ribs I: teres tubercle and greater tubercle of humerus N: pectoralis caudales and thoracodorsalis A: draw limb forward and laterally, support limb, draw limb against trunk, draw limb backward during flexion of shoulder, decelerates forward motion of limb
66
3 epaxial muscle groups/systems
-longissimus -iliocostalis -transversospinalis
67
epaxial muscle systems/groups AKA
errector spinae
68
joint action of epaxial muscles
extend vertebral column
69
iliocoastaliis location
-ventral to other epaxial muscles -from pelvis to blade of ribs
70
3 muscles in transversopinalis system
-spinalis (capitis, cervicis) -semispinalis (capitis, cervicis) -multifidus
71
semispinalis cervicis: OINA
O: spinous processes of first 3 thoracic vertebrae, nuchal ligament I: nuchal crest and mastoid process N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves A: extend neck and head, assist in turning neck laterally
72
what is the most superficial epaxial muscle in the cervical region
semispinalis cervicis
73
spinalis vs semispinalis vs multifundus location
semispinalis = most cranial spinalis = caudal multifundus = caudal to semispinalis
74
longissimus: location and attachements
-between iliocostalis and transversospinalis -insert craniolaterally
75
3 muscles for longissimus (based on location)
-cervicis -thoracis -lumborum
76
bilateral contraction of epaxial muscles causes what action
extension
77
unilateral contraction of epaxial muscles produces what action
flexion
78
2 muscles of iliocostalis (based on region)
thoracis, lumborum
79
thoracolumbar fascia functions
-deep, dense fascia -gives attachment to multiple muscle groups -provide stability and support to caudal lumbar region
80
splenius
extends from T3 to skull

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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