Lecture 25: Thorax IV, Heart

Question 1

why is cardiovascular system necessary

Answer 1

for diffusion to occur in all regions in body

Question 2

3 layers of heart

Answer 2

-epicardium
-endocardium
-myocardium

Question 3

pericardium: definition and components

Answer 3

-membrane enclosing the heart
-consists of pleura, fibrous layer and parietal layer

Question 4

the parietal layer forms what

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

visceral layer forms what

Answer 5

epicardium

Question 6

sternopericardial/phrenicopericardial ligament

Answer 6

connect fibrous pericardium to diaphragm

Question 7

4 valves in heart

Answer 7

-pulmonary semilunar
-right atrioventricular/tricuspid
-aortic semilunar
-left atrioventricular/bicuspid

Question 8

2 auricles of heart

Answer 8

right and left

Question 9

where are auricles located in heart

Answer 9

on dorsal surface of atria

Question 10

what structure separates the atria from ventricles

Answer 10

coronary sulcus

Question 11

what structure separates ventricles

Answer 11

interventricular sulcus

Question 12

conus arteriosus

Answer 12

-cone shaped outflow/bulge tract of right ventricle that indicates narrowing of chamber toward pulmonary trunk
-located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 13

where is right auricle located (next to what?)

Answer 13

next to cranial vena cava

Question 14

myocardium is

Answer 14

cardiac muscle

Question 15

tricuspid valve: location

Answer 15

between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 16

tricuspid valve aka

Answer 16

right atrioventricular valve

Question 17

bicuspid valve: location

Answer 17

between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 18

bicuspid valve aka

Answer 18

left atrioventricular valve

Question 19

interventricular septum

Answer 19

wall of myocardium separating left and right ventricles

Question 20

what muscles contract atrial walls

Answer 20

pectinate muscles

Question 21

where are pectinate muscles located specifically

Answer 21

myocardium

Question 22

what 3 structures constitute atrioventricular valves

Answer 22

-cusps
-chordae tendinae
-papillary muscles

Question 23

papillary muscle function

Answer 23

anchor chordae tendinae to prevent backflow

Question 24

function of left AV valve (bicuspid)

Answer 24

prevent leakage of blood back to left atrium during ventricular contraction (Systole)

Question 25

function of right AV valve (tricuspid)

Answer 25

prevent leakage of blood back to right atrium during ventricular contraction

Question 26

trabecula septomarginalis aka

Answer 26

moderator band

Question 27

trabecula septomarginalis vs trabeculae carneae

Answer 27

-trabecula septomarginalis only found in right ventricle in mammals -trabeculae carneae found in both ventricles

Question 28

semilunar valves are found where

Answer 28

at the bases of large vessels/arteries located within the heart

Question 29

aortic semilunar valve: location and function

Answer 29

allow movement of blood from aorta to prevent it from returning to left ventricle

Question 30

pulmonary semilunar valve: location and function

Answer 30

located between pulmonary artery and right ventricle -once closed, ventricles can fill with blood

Question 31

ideal sites for auscultation of heart valves

Answer 31

puncta maxima

Question 32

which arteries are the first branches of the aorta

Answer 32

coronary arteries (left and right)

Question 33

where do coronary arteries originate from

Answer 33

aortic semilunar valve

Question 34

where is coronary sinus located

Answer 34

atrioventricular sulcus (between left atrium and left ventricle)

Question 35

where do coronary veins drain into

Answer 35

coronary sinus

Question 36

what structure opens into the right atrium

Answer 36

coronary sinus

Question 37

what vein runs in the coronary sulcus

Answer 37

coronary sinus

Question 38

what is the coronary sinus (importance)

Answer 38

largest coronary vein receives drainage from many veins

Question 39

small coronary vein location

Answer 39

drains into coronary sinus

Question 40

where does coronary sinus terminate

Answer 40

right atrium

Question 41

how conduction/action potentials spread through heart

Answer 41

originates in SA node --> depolarization --> AV node --> right and left bundles --> purkinje fibers

Question 42

location of sinoatrial node

Answer 42

right atrium

Question 43

location of right and left bundles

Answer 43

interventricular septum

Question 44

location of purkinje fibers

Answer 44

apex of heart

Question 45

where do pectinate muscles end

Answer 45

crista terminalis

Question 46

extrinsic innervation of the heart: 2 nervous systems

Answer 46

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 47

parasympathetic control of heart: nerve

Answer 47

vagus

Question 48

cardiac plexus

Answer 48

bundle of nerves located at base of heart that innervate the heart

Question 49

2 parts of cardiac plexus

Answer 49

-deep/caudal -superficial/cranial

Question 50

superficial/cranial portion of cardiac plexus location

Answer 50

beneath aortic arch, in front of right pulmonary artery

Question 51

what 2 nerves form superficial/cranial part of cardiac plexus

Answer 51

left sympathetic trunk/nerves left vagus nerves

Question 52

what 3 nerves form deep/caudal part of cardiac plexus

Answer 52

right sympathetic trunk (T1-T4) right vagus nerve right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 53

effect of vagus nerve on heart: parasympathetic

Answer 53

lower heart rate reduce force of contraction vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

Question 54

effect of sympathetic efferent fibers on heart

Answer 54

increase heart rate increase force of contraction of myocardium

Question 55

which side of the heart is larger (aka which myocardial layer is thicker)

Answer 55

left

Question 56

why is the left side of the heart (ventricles) bigger than the right side

Answer 56

has to pump blood to body (vs just the lungs)

Question 57

endocardium made of what kind of tissue

Answer 57

endothelium

Question 58

what 3 layers make up the pericardium

Answer 58

-pleura -fibrous layer -parietal layer

Question 59

organzation of pericardium

Answer 59

inner parietal layer fibrous layer in the middle pleura is outermost layer

Question 60

what kind of tissue is fibrous pericardial layer made out of

Answer 60

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 61

function of fibrous pericardial layer

Answer 61

-anchor heart -protect heart -prevent overfilling of blood in heart (not elastic)

Question 62

interventricular sulcus aka

Answer 62

paraconal groove

Question 63

coronary circulation process (from left ventricle to pulmonary circuit)

Answer 63

left ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> ascending aorta --> right and left coronary arteries --> right coronary artery branches into right circumflex artery, left coronary artery branches into left circumflex artery --> supplies myocardium --> coronary/cardiac veins --> blood drains into coronary sinus --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circuit

Question 64

what do left and right coronary arteries supply (to heart)

Answer 64

myocardium

Question 65

3 veins of the heart

Answer 65

-great coronary/cardiac vein -small coronary/cardiac vein -coronary sinus

Question 66

left circumflex artery branches into

Answer 66

interventricular paraconal artery

Question 67

location of left circumflex and interventricular paraconal arteries

Answer 67

left ventricle

Question 68

coronary sinus is a large

Answer 68

vein

Question 69

what kind of blood is located in coronary sinus (from myocardium)

Answer 69

deoxygenated

Question 70

what kind of blood is moving through coronary arteries (before reaching myocardium)

Answer 70

oxygenated

Question 71

pulmonary circulation process (from right ventricle to left ventricle)

Answer 71

right ventricle --> pulmonary semilunar valves --> pulmonary trunk --> splits into right and left pulmonary arteries --> through hilum to lungs --> gas exchange b/w alveoli --> blood drains into pulmonary veins --> bring oxygenated blood to left atrium --> mitral valve --> left ventricle

Question 72

what kind of blood is carried by right and left pulmonary arteries

Answer 72

deoxygenated

Question 73

arteries function

Answer 73

take blood away from heart

Question 74

veins function

Answer 74

bring blood back to heart