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Anatomy I > Lecture 41 and 42: Urinary Microanatomy I and II > Flashcards

Lecture 41 and 42: Urinary Microanatomy I and II Flashcards

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1
Q

2 layers of kidney capsule

A

outer
inner

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2
Q

what is the capsule of kidney continuous with

A

connective tissue of walls of calyces and renal pelvis

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3
Q

which layer of kidney capsule is adjacent to parenchyma

A

inner layer

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4
Q

capsule outer layer: features and function

A

fibroblasts, collagen
protection

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5
Q

capsule inner layer: features and function

A

myofibroblasts
contractibility, aid in resisting volume and pressure variations

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6
Q

2 components of kidney parenchyma

A

cortex
medulla

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7
Q

what 2 structures make up medulla

A

renal pyramids
renal columns

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8
Q

renal pyramid

A

pyramidal tissue masses within medulla

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9
Q

renal columns: definition and function

A

spaces in between renal pyramids
where blood vessels pass through

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10
Q

renal lobe: 2 components

A

renal pyramid + adjacent renal cortex and column tissue (cortical region)

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11
Q

each lobe drains into

A

1 minor calyx

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12
Q

renal papilla

A

pyramid projection into minor calyx

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13
Q

area cribosa

A

surface of papilla with openings of papillary ducts

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14
Q

path of urine from kidney to bladder

A

minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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15
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron/uriniferous tubule

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16
Q

uriniferous tubule: 2 components

A

nephron + collecting duct

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17
Q

2 tubules in nephron

A

proximal
distal

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18
Q

each tubule is divided into 2 regions

A

straight
convoluted

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19
Q

what 3 structures make up the loop of henle

A

straight region of proximal tubule
straight region of distal tubule
thin loop of henle

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20
Q

what structures make up the renal tubule

A

straight and convoluted regions of both proximal and distal tubules
thin loop of henle

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21
Q

which nephron structure is not included as part of the renal tubule

A

renal corpuscle

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22
Q

renal corpuscle function

A

filter blood in capillaries –> form ultrafiltrate in urinary space

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23
Q

2 components of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus
glomerular/bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

2 features of glomerulus

A

-renal corpuscle
-fenestrated capillary bundle
-afferent and efferent arteriole

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25
2 layers of glomerular capsule
parietal visceral
26
epithelium of parietal layer: glomerular capsule
simple squamous
27
visceral layer: glomerular capsule
layer of podocytes that covers glomerulus
28
pedicels
secondary processes that interdigitate foot processes that extend from podocytes and wrap themselves around capillaries of glomerulus to form filtration slits
29
what forms filtration slits: glomerular capsule
pedicels
30
2 specialized cells in renal corpuscle
mesangial cells podocytes
31
mesangial cells: definition and functions
modified smooth muscle cells secrete extracellular matrix (mesangium) for support regulate glomerular distension (contraction) keep glomerular filtration apparatus clean from filtration residues
32
3 components of glomerular filtration apparatus
glomerular endothelium glomerular basement membrane podocyte filtration slits
33
what kind of capillaries are found in glomerular epithelium
fenestrated
34
glomerular basement membrane features
thick basal lamina with collagen, laminin, fibronectin, entactin
35
podocyte filtration slits definition
filtration slit diaphragm zipper like frame of nephrin and adhesion proteins
36
glomerular filtration apparatus: contributions of each region
fenestrations = size selective filter basal lamina = physical barrier and ion selective filter filtration slit diaphragm = size selective filter
37
Proximal tubule of kidney: functions
Reabsorption of ions and fluid Secretion of calcitriol
38
Calcitriol
Increases Ca+ uptake and concentration in blood Secreted in proximal tubule of kidney
39
Convoluted/straight regions of proximal tubule: histology
Simple cuboidal epithelium Microvilli brush border Lateral and basal folds Many mitochondria, vesicles and lysosomes at basal
40
Thin loop of henle: functions
Absorption of fluid by countercurrent exchange with vasa recta Concentrate urine
41
countercurrent exchange: definition and transport of fluid
Gradient dependent transport of fluid into blood Lower osmolarity in ultrafiltrate, higher osmolarity in blood plasma —> fluid transport into blood Occurs in thin loop of henle
42
Thin loop of henle: epithelium (hint: remember function)
Simple squamous epithelium
43
Distal tubule of renal tubule: function
Selective secretion and absorption of ions
44
Osmoregulation of distal tubule : secretion vs absorption
Secretion to ultrafiltrate if high concentration of ions in blood Absorption if low concentration of ions in blood
45
What ion is juxtaglomerular apparatus specific to
Sodium
46
Juxtaglomerular apparatus functions
sensor that helps maintain sodium homeostasis and regulates blood pressure
47
Where is juxtaglomerular apparatus located
Distal tubule of renal tubule
48
Distal tubule: histology
Simple cuboidal epithelium No clear cell borders Many mitochondria
49
Proximal vs distal tubule: epithelium difference
Proximal = simple squamous Distal = simple cuboidal
50
blood supply kidney
renal artery and vein
51
2 arterioles in kidney
afferent efferent
52
afferent arteriole: blood flow
from renal artery to glomerular capillaries
53
efferent arteriole: blood flow
from glomerular capillaries to cortical and medullar capillaries
54
efferent arteriole: function
nourish cortical and medullary tissue
55
efferent arteriole: 2 types of capillary networks
peritubular cortical peritubular medullary
56
efferent arteriole: peritubular cortical capillary network
reabsorption of ultrafiltrate in cortex endothelium secretes erythropoietin
57
erythropoietin: function
increase rate of production of RBCs in response to falling levels of oxygen in tissues
58
efferent arteriole: peritubular medullary capillary network
vasa recta for countercurrent exchange in thin henle loop
59
where is erythropoetin secreted
endothelium of peritubular cortical capillary network within efferent arteriole of kidney
60
2 components of juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula dense juxtaglomerular cells
61
juxtaglomerular cells functions (2)
monitor sodium concentration in blood secrete renin
62
macula densa function
monitor sodium concentration in ultrafiltrate secrete ATP, adenosine, NO and prostaglandins to stimulate juxtaglomerular cells
63
when do juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
low concentration of sodium in blood
64
when does macula dense stimulate juxtaglomerular cells
low concentration of sodium in ultrafiltrate
65
renin function/effects (renin-angiotensin aldosterone system)
increase reabsorption of sodium = fluid transfer from tissues to blood = greater blood volume increases blood pressure
66
collecting duct of kidney: function
conduct urine into minor calices
67
3 regions of collecting ducts
cortical collecting duct medullary collecting duct papillary duct
68
cortical and medullary collecting ducts: epithelium
cuboidal epithelium
69
2 types of cells found in kidney collecting ducts
light cells dark cells
70
collecting duct light cells: stimulated by, function
stimulated by ADH (antidiuertic hormone) provide water permeability
71
collecting duct dark cells: function (general)
acid base balance
72
dark cells response when blood is too basic
secrete carbonate into urine to decrease pH
73
dark cells response when blood is too acidic
secrete H+ to increase pH
74
papillary duct: epithelium
columnar
75
are light or dark cells more predominant
light
76
location of papillary ducts
distal toward papillary tip
77
2 regions within outer medulla
thin stripe thick stripe
78
2 types of nephrons
juxtamedullary cortical
79
juxtamedullary nephron: appearance, function
long looped performs most urine concentration
80
cortical nephrone: appearance, function
short looped performs most filtration/absorption
81
microanatomy of urinary passages (mucosa, etc)
mucosa: transitional epithelium lamina propria: fibroelastic CT muscularis: smooth and CT, peristalsis adventia: peritoneum
82
transitional epithelium in urinary passages aka
uroepithelium
83
uroepithelium: features, specialized cells
stratified surface cells, intermediate cells, basal cells -highly distensible impermeable to water and salts
84
what structure makes uroepithelium impermeable to water and salts
urothelial plaques
85
urothelial plaques definition
lipid layer on surface of superficial cells
86
uroepithelial surface cells: function
secrete lipids/urothelial plaques to make epithelium imermeable to water and salt
87
surface cells location
apical surface of epithelium
88
distended vs undistended lumen: uroepithelium
distended: cells flattened (bladder empty) undistended: cells are round and bulge into lumen (bladder full of urine)
89
what muscle is found in muscularis layer of urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
90
rugae in bladder: function
folds that give bladder distensible property
91
which layer of bladder is rugae located
mucosa
92
3 male urethras
-prostatic -pelvic -penile
93
prostatic vs pelvic vs penile urethra: epithelium
prostatic: transitional pelvic: stratified/pseudostratified columnar penile: stratified squamous nonkeratinized
94
female urethra is divided into ________ regions
2
95
2 regions of female urethra
initial segment terminal segment
96
initial vs terminal segment of female urethra: epithelium
initial: transitional terminal: stratified squamous nonkeratinized
97
paraurethral mucus glands: definition and function
open to urethra of both males and females lubrication and protection
98
where does filtration occur within renal corpuscle
glomerulus
99
where is urinary space within renal corpuscle
bowman's capsule

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