Lecture 30: Abdomen III Foregut Anatomy of Canines and Equines

Question 1

celiac artery: 3 branches

Answer 1

-splenic
-hepatic
-left gastric

Question 2

2 branches of splenic artery

Answer 2

-left gastroepiploic
-small pancreatic branches

Question 3

branch of left gastric artery

Answer 3

esophageal

Question 4

3 branches of hepatic artery

Answer 4

-proper hepatic
-right gastric
-gastroduodenal

Question 5

branch of proper hepatic artery

Answer 5

cystic

Question 6

2 branches of gastroduodenal artery

Answer 6

-cranial pancreaticoduodenal
-right gastroepiploic

Question 7

2 anastamoses within celiac artery branches

Answer 7

-right and left gastric
-right and left gastroepiploic

Question 8

innervation of foregut: 3

Answer 8

-major and minor splanchnic nerves
-vagal trunks
-periarterial plexuses

Question 9

periarterial plexuses: what kind of axons travel

Answer 9

postganglionic and preganglionic parasympathetics distributed to organs by traveling along with blood vessels

Question 10

major and minor splanchnic nerves: axons, site of synapse

Answer 10

deliver preganglionic sympathetic axons from abdomen to synapse at celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia

Question 11

vagal trunks: axons, travel

Answer 11

travel through esophageal hiatus
-deliver preganglionic parasympathetic axons to foregut and midgut

Question 12

where does the esophagus join the stomach after passing through the esophageal hiatus

Answer 12

cardia

Question 13

tissues and cells required for esophagus to transfer food to stomach

Answer 13

-stratified squamous epithelial cells for protection
-mucous glands for lubrication
-skeletal and smooth muscle

Question 14

esophagus is comprised of what kind of muscle tissue(s)

Answer 14

interwoven skeletal and smooth muscle

Question 15

somatic motor innervation: esophagus

Answer 15

myenteric plexus between sublayers

Question 16

transitional anatomy of esophagogastric junction (between esophagus and cardia)

Answer 16

stratified squamous to simple columnar with gastric pits

Question 17

canine GI system: simple

Answer 17

GI tract 4x body length

Question 18

GI of hindgut specialists/equine

Answer 18

-12x body length
-elaborated cecum for fermentation
-sacculated colon

Question 19

GI of foregut specialists/bovine

Answer 19

-20x body length
-elaborated stomach for fermentation
-elongated ascending colon

Question 20

functions of stomach (5)

Answer 20

-food reservoir
-secrete gastric juices
-rhythmic segmentation begins mechanical breakdown of food and mixes with gastric juices
-forms chyme
-initiate protein digestion

Question 21

rugae definition and function

Answer 21

gastric folds that increase surface area and allow for stomach expansion

Question 22

carnivoran stomach regions

Answer 22

-cardia
-pylorus
-fundus and body

Question 23

which 2 stomach regions contain mucous glands

Answer 23

cardia and pyloris

Question 24

which stomach region secretes gastric juices

Answer 24

fundus and body

Question 25

6 cells comprising gastric/fundic glands

Answer 25

-surface lining -regenerative -mucous neck -parietal -chief -enteroendocrine

Question 26

surface lining cells

Answer 26

-secrete visible mucous that adheres to stomach lining to prevent autodigestion -modify pH at cell membrane

Question 27

mucous neck cells

Answer 27

produce soluble mucous that mixes with/lubricates chyme (reduce friction)

Question 28

parietal cells

Answer 28

produce HCl

Question 29

chief cells: location

Answer 29

at base of gland

Question 30

chief cells

Answer 30

produce pepsinogen, rennin and gastric lipase to initiate protein digestion

Question 31

enteroendocrine cells

Answer 31

release hormones in response to stimuli that activates enteric NS

Question 32

what will be apparent in active parietal cells

Answer 32

more folds

Question 33

initial stage of protein digestion

Answer 33

secretion of pepsinogen by chief cells

Question 34

how is pepsinogen activated

Answer 34

exposed to stomach acid, cleaves protein molecule

Question 35

what allows for gastric emptying in simple stomachs

Answer 35

relaxation of pyloric sphincter and contraction of muscularis externa

Question 36

fundus and body of simple stomachs: serosa

Answer 36

-cuboidal mesothelium -secretes serous fluid into peritoneal cavity for lubrication

Question 37

fundus and body of simple stomachs: muscularis externa

Answer 37

inner oblique middle circular outer longitudinal

Question 38

pyloric mucosa of simple stomachs: 4 defining characteristics

Answer 38

-deep gastric pits -branching gastric glands -gastric glands dominated by mucous secreting cells NO RUGAE

Question 39

which stomach regions contain mucuous glands only

Answer 39

pylorus and cardia

Question 40

how/where are gastric glands formed

Answer 40

invagination of simple columnar epithelium (of mucosa) downwards at gastric pits

Question 41

what are gastric pits

Answer 41

invaginations denote entrance to gastric glands

Question 42

which tissue layer contains gastric pits and gastric glands

Answer 42

mucosa of stomach

Question 43

the pyloric sphincter is continuous with what muscle layer

Answer 43

circular layer of muscularis externa

Question 44

which region of the stomach lacks rugae

Answer 44

pylorus

Question 45

which tissue layer are rugae found in

Answer 45

mucosa