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Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Pus Empyema Abscess

A

S aureus

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2
Q

Pediatric infection

A

H influenza including epiglotitis

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3
Q

Pneumonia in CF and burn

A

P aeruginosa

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4
Q

Branching rods in oral infection with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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5
Q

traumatic open wound

“Crackling” “crepitus” on palpation

A

clostridium perfinges

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6
Q

surgical wound

A

s aureus

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7
Q

dog or cat bite

A

pasteurella multicoda

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8
Q

positice PAS stain

A

tropheryma whipplei

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9
Q

fungal infection in DM or immunocompromised

A

mucor or rhizopus

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10
Q

asplenic patient

A

encapsulated microbes SHiN S pneumonia H influenza B N meningitidis

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11
Q

chronic granulomatous ds

A

cat positive microbes esp S aureus

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12
Q

White on MacConkey agar

A

Nonlactose fermenting bacteria SALMONELLA SHIGELLA

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13
Q

Light green colonies with black center on Hektoen

A

Salmonella

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14
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

E colia Klebsiella

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15
Q

Cuase of neonatal herpes

A

HSV 2

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16
Q

Gram positive anaerobe produces toxin A (diarrhea) and toxin B (cytotoxic)

A

C. difficile

Toxin A attaches to brush border of the gut then

Toxin B destroys cytoskeleton of enterocytes causing pseudo membranous colitis

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17
Q

Absence or near absence of tonsils and adenoids in child with recurrent bacterial infection suggests

A

Bruttons aggamaglobinemia

  • x linked humoral (antibody mediated) immunity
  • arrest of devt at pre B cell stage hence can’t make IGs
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18
Q

Child predisposed to viral infections and intracellular pathogens

A

di georgi syndrome catch 22

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19
Q

MOA metronidazole

A

In anaerobes

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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20
Q

Eukaryote or prokaryote: membrane bound organelle

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

Grows on charcoal agar with iron and cysteine

A

Legionella.

Seen on silver stain

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22
Q

Grows on chocolate agar with factor V and X

A

H. Influenza

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23
Q

Beta hemolytic bacteria 4

A

Staph aureus
PbA pyogenes bacitracin ayaw agalactiae
Listeria monocytogenes - tumbling motility, newborn meningitis,
unpasteurized milk in adults

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24
Q

Bacterial Meningitis empiric tx

A

Ceftriaxone + vancomycin

Add ampicillin if listeria suspected

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25
Stain positive for CD15 and CD30
Hodgkin's lymphoma - Note reed steernberg - assoc w EBV
26
Opposes action of cytokines or dampens immune response to restore balance
Transforming factor beta
27
Hot T Bone stEAk | Mnemonic for interleukins
``` IL1 Hot - fever IL2 T cells stimulation IL3 Bone marrow stimulation IL4 IgE production IL5 IgA production ```
28
Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils Clean up on aisle 8
IL8
29
Rash begins from HAIRLINE down to trunk and limbs VS rash begins from face then down to body
Hairline onset rash - rubeola or measles Face to body - rubella or German measles
30
Interstitial pneumonia common in adults 18 to 40 yo. Etiology?
atypiCaL pneuMonia Mycoplasma Legionella Clamydia
31
Causes of lobar pneumonia
S pneumonia > klebsiella
32
Mega colon and mega esophagus etiology
``` Chagas ds. T cruz. Reduvid bug or kissing bug coz painless. Dilated cardiomyopathy "t corazoni" Dx blood smear. Tx nifurtimox ```
33
Visceral leishmaniasis or kala agar
Leishmania donovani Sandfly Dx macrophages containing amastigotes Tx sodium stibogluuconate
34
Trematodes or flukes treated with PRAZIQUANTEL 3
S haematobium - snails. Cercariae penetrate skin. SCC bladder Clonorchis sinensis - undercooked fish. CholangioCA gallbladder Paragonius westermani - undercooked crab. Lung inflam, hemoptysis
35
Prevents release of acetylcholine from NMJ
Botulinum toxin
36
Blocks glycine and GABA release from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord
Tetanus toxin or tetanospasmin
37
Toxin produced by c perfinges
Alpha toxin or lecithinase causing Gas gangrene
38
Toxins that Inhibit protein synthesis: inactivates EF 2
Diptheria toxin - Corneybacterium diptheria Exotoxin A - Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cause host cell death.
39
Toxins that inhibit protein synthesis: inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
Shiga toxin - Shigella spp - invades mucosa - HUS Shiga lilke toxin - EHEC O157 H7 - not invade mucosa - HUS
40
Toxins that increase fluid secretion Watery diarrhea. Labile in Air, stable in Ground.
ETEC 1 heat LABILE toxin. Inc cAMP, inc Cl secretion into gut, followed by water 2 heat STABLE toxin. Inc cGMP, dec NaCl resorption so more NaCl and H2O in gut
41
Toxins that increase fluid secretion
Bacillus anthracis, V cholera, ETEC Bacillus anthracis : Edema Factor. Inc cAMP V cholera : Cholera toxin. Inc Gs, inc cAMP, inc Cl secretion into gut. H2O follows Cl.
42
Cleaves SNARE protein inhibiting NT release
Tetanospasmin GABA and glycine Botulinum toxin ACh
43
Gram POSITIVE RODS spore forming 2 aerobic 4 anaerobic
Aerobes: B cereus and B anthracis Anaerobe motile : C tetani, C. difficile , C botulinum Anaerobe nonmotile : C perfringes
44
Gram POSITIVE RODS non spore forming
L monocytogenes - tumbling motility , jets fr cell to cell C diptheria - Chinese characters, loefflers or tellurite medium A Israeli
45
Spirochetes gram neg
Treponema Borrelia sp Leptospirosis sp
46
Gram neg, oxidase +, comma shaped Grows in 42C Grows in alkaline media
Grows in 42C : campylobacter jejuni Grows in alkaline media : vibrio cholera
47
Gram NEG rods LACTOSE fermenter
Fast lactose fermenters: Klebsiella , E. coli Sow lactose fermenters: Citrobacter, Serratia
48
Gram NEG rods NON lactose fermenter Oxidase - Oxidase +
Oxidase NEGative: shigella, salmonella, proteus Oxidase POSitive: Pseudomonas, H pylori
49
Diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia
Cold agglutinin titer Cold agglutinin are antibodies that cause RBCs to clump together at low temperature
50
Genotype that is offers some protection against certain strains of HIV
Homozygous for mutations of CCR5 gene. CCR5 is a chemokine receptor in macrophages that facilitate viral entry into cells.
51
Responsible for opsonization and clearance of gram NEGAtive bacteria.
Complement pathway
52
Complement system: the 2 antibodies that can bind antigen
IgG and IgM - Fab region: binds Ag, specific to Ag - Fc region : constant, carboxyl, complement binding
53
Antibody diversity s generated by
1 random recombination of vj light chain or vdj heavy chain genes 2 random combination of heavy with light chains 3 somatic hypermutation 4 addition of nucleotide to DNA
54
Heavy chain vs light chain of Ab
Heavy chain: Fc and Fab Light chain: Fab
55
Antibody function
Opsonization Neutralization Complement activation
56
Holds light chains and heavy chains together
Disulfide bonds
57
Mature B lymphocytes express which immunoglobulins?
IgM and IgD They differentiate by isotype switching aka gene rearrangement mediated by cytokines and CD40 into plasma cells that secrete IgA, IgE or IgG
58
Most important cytokines mediator of septic shock
Tumor necrosis factor - secreted by macrophages
59
Activates macrophages and TH1 cells
Interferon gamma
60
Mediators of anaphylactic shock
C3a and C5a C3a and C5 bind to IgE releasing histamine
61
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell vs general population etiology
sickle cell : Salmonella general population : staphylococcus aureus
62
Inhibitors of complement system
DAF and C1 esterase
63
Opsonins in bacterial defense
C3b and IgG
64
Complements active in anaphylaxis
C3a and C5a
65
Complement function: neutrophil chemotaxis
C5a
66
Activation of complement system 3
1 classic pathway: IgG or IgM 2 alternative pathway: microbe surface molecules 3 lectin pathway : mannose or other sugars on microbe surface
67
Low IgM, x linked disorder. Presenting as recurrent pyogenes infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenia.
Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
68
Acid fast staining cysts
Cryptosporidium sp - watery diarrhea in immunocompromised Toxoplasma gondii - brain abscess in HIV, ToRCHeS. Tx: sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. T: cysts, sexual stage in cats
69
Amoeba with ingested RBC
Entamoeba histolytica Presentation: bloody diarrhea/dysentery, abdominal cramps with tenesmus, pus in stool. Liver abscess. Tx metronidazole or iodoquinol
70
Tear shaped trophozoites with two nuclei
GiarDIA lamblia P: bloating, flatulence, foul smelling non bloody diarrhea T: cysts in water
71
Leishmania donovani t, tx, microscope
T: sandfly female Microscope: macrophages containing amastigotes Tx: sodium stibogluconate
72
Maltese cross
Babesia sp. P: malaria like T: ixodes tick Tx: quinine
73
T cruz tx
Nifurtimox Microscope: flagellated trypomastigote in blood Non motile Amastigotes in tissue Reduviid bug
74
HAV
RNA picornavirus
75
HBV
DNA hepadnavirus
76
HCV
RNA flavivirus
77
HDV
RNA delta virus
78
HEV
RNA hepevirus
79
How is P aeruginosa cleared from the body
P aeruginosa is a gram neg bacteria. Gram neg bacteria is cleared by MAC -C5b to C9. MAC forms a pore in the membrane of gram negative bacteria and ultimately causes lysis of the cell.
80
Spherules filled with endospores
Coccidioidomycosis
81
Budding yeast with captain's wheel
Paracoccidioidomycosis Endemic in Latin America
82
Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V shaped 45 degree angle
Apergillus fumigatus - Acute angle!!! is 45 degrees : fungus ball - in immunocompromised or those with CGD - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma or CF - aspergilloma in lung cavities, especially after TB infection
83
Soap bubble lesions in brain
Cryptococcus neoformans CD4 + cell is < 100/mm3 Pigeon droppings - encapsulated yeast with narrow based budding - inhaled-> hematogenous spread to meninges - culture Sabouraud's agar. Stains India ink. Latex agglutination is more specific: polysaccharide capsular Ag.
84
Dimorphic fungi Grown in 25C : septate hyphae and conidia Grown in 37C : CIGAR shaped yeast
Sporothrix schenkii Tx Itraconazole or potassium iodide
85
Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule
Bacillus anthracis -capsule contains D glutamate
86
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa
87
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells) Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)
88
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ? Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?
Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC " labile in Air, stable on the Ground"
89
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? - Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs? - Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea
90
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival
Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis
91
Very low infective dose
Shigella
92
Pseudo appendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica - bloody diarrhea
93
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera
94
Bloody diarrhea
``` Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella EHEC E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli Yersinia enterocolitica Entamoeba histolytica ```
95
Watery diarrhea
``` Enterotoxigenic E. coli Vibrio cholera C. difficile C perfringes GiarDIA Cryptosporidium Rotavirus Novo virus ```
96
Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule
Bacillus anthracis -capsule contains D glutamate
97
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa
98
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells) Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)
99
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ? Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?
Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC " labile in Air, stable on the Ground"
100
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? - Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs? - Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea
101
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival
Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis
102
Very low infective dose
Shigella
103
Pseudo appendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica - bloody diarrhea
104
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera
105
Bloody diarrhea
``` Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella EHEC E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli Yersinia enterocolitica Entamoeba histolytica ```
106
Watery diarrhea
``` Enterotoxigenic E. coli Vibrio cholera C. difficile C perfringes GiarDIA Cryptosporidium Rotavirus Novo virus ```
107
Organisms capable of antigenic variation N#1 BIST
``` Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse Salmonella sp Trypanosomes Neisseria gonorrhea Influenza virus ```
108
Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb
Human papilloma virus E6 : p53 E7 : Rb
109
Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule
Bacillus anthracis -capsule contains D glutamate
110
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa
111
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells) Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)
112
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ? Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?
Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC " labile in Air, stable on the Ground"
113
Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)? - Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs? - Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea
114
Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival
Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis
115
Very low infective dose
Shigella
116
Pseudo appendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica - bloody diarrhea
117
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea
Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera
118
Bloody diarrhea
``` Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella EHEC E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli Yersinia enterocolitica Entamoeba histolytica ```
119
Watery diarrhea
``` Enterotoxigenic E. coli Vibrio cholera C. difficile C perfringes GiarDIA Cryptosporidium Rotavirus Novo virus ```
120
Organisms capable of antigenic variation N#1 BIST
``` Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse Salmonella sp Trypanosomes Neisseria gonorrhea Influenza virus ```
121
Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb
Human papilloma virus E6 : p53 E7 : Rb
133
Organisms capable of antigenic variation N#1 BIST
``` Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse Salmonella sp Trypanosomes Neisseria gonorrhea Influenza virus ```
134
Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb
Human papilloma virus E6 : p53 E7 : Rb

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