MMT: nutrient deficiency Flashcards
(42 cards)
What are essential nutrients?
Those required for normal physiological function that we cannot produce in general or cannot produce enough of.
Which population has the highest vitamin D deficiency levels?
Non-Hispanic black (31%).
Describe the fate of water-soluble vitamins.
They absorb directly into the blood and circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body. They will be excreted by kidneys and are less likely to cause toxicity due to their lack of storage in the body, but it can happen with supplements.
Describe the fate of fat-soluble vitamins.
Absorb into the lymph then the blood and may use transport proteins to travel around. They can be stored in adipose tissue and are less readily excreted due to their ability to be stored. They can reach toxic levels due to supplements because they can be stored.
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K.
A child with a nutrient deficiency has a puffy abdomen. What is it?
Kwashiorkor.
Which protein deficient syndrome has edema?
Kwashiorkor.
Which protein efficiency malnutrition features irritability and apathy?
Kwashiorkor.
What are presentations of iron deficiency?
Pallor, scooped nails, anemia, alopecia, fatigue.
What is Plummer Vinson syndrome?
An iron deficiency syndrome including a triad of microcytic hypochromic anemia, atrophic glossitis, and esophageal webs (dysphagia).
What can vitamin D deficiency result in?
Osteomalacia or rickets.
Why do those with darker skin tend to have vitamin D deficiency?
Their pigment prevents them from properly absorbing enough sunlight for conversion to the active form of vitamin D.
What conditions may be associated with vitamin D deficiency?
Celiac, IBD, exocrine pancreas insufficiency, conditions impairing fat absorption.
What is the active form of vitamin D and where is it converted?
1,23-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidney.
Describe rickets.
Overgrowth of epiphyseal cartilage and deformation of the skeleton from loss of rigidity.
Describe osteomalacia.
Less severe than rickets and the contour of the bone is not impacted, but the bone is weak and vulnerable to fracture due to osteopenia.
What deficiency may cause goiter?
Iodine.
What are outcomes of maternal iodine deficiency?
Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, hypothyroidism, cretinism, dwarfism.
Describe pellagra.
Chronic lack of B3 leads to dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.
What population is at increased risk of pellagra?
Those obtaining food mostly from corn sources.
What can help reverse pellagra?
Oral nicotinamide or niacin.
Describe scurvy.
Severe vitamin C deficiency causing fatigue, connective tissue weakness, irritated gums, and capillary fragility that can cause petechia. Also see corkscrew hairs.
Describe presentation of B12 deficiency.
Megaloblastic anemia, hyper lobated white cells, vision problems, atrophic glossitis, myelin degeneration (paranoid, loss of position and vibration sensation).
Describe vitamin A deficiency presentation.
Bitot spots, dry eyes, corneal perforation, night blindness.
