Neurotransmitters Flashcards
1
Q
neurotransmitters synthesized by
A
- pre-synaptic neuron
2
Q
neurotransmitters packaged into
A
- synaptic vesicles
3
Q
neurotransmitters released by
A
- Ca2+ regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft
4
Q
major neurotransmitters
A
- acetylcholine
- amino acids
- amino acid derived
5
Q
amino acid neurotransmitters
A
- glutamate
- GABA
- glycine
6
Q
amino acid derived
A
- serotonin
- catecholamines
7
Q
catecholamines
A
- NE
- EPI
- dopamine
8
Q
acetylcholine found in
A
- somatic motor neurons
- basal ganglia neurons
- ANS
- basal nucleus of meynert
9
Q
basal ganglia neurons use acetylcholine for
A
- modulator of motor coordination
10
Q
basal nucleus of meynert - what part makes acetylcholine
A
- neurons in basal forebrain
11
Q
basal nucleus of meynert - what is acetylcholine used for?
A
- facilitating memory
12
Q
clinical application of acetylcholine
A
- treatment of Alzheimer’s and dementia
13
Q
is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?
A
- excitatory
14
Q
where is glutamate found?
A
- spinal cord
- brainstem
- cerebellum
- hippocampus
- cerebral cortex
15
Q
role of glutamate
A
- excitation of cognitive, motor, and sensory function
16
Q
glutamate often implicated in
A
- excitotoxicity
17
Q
excitotoxicity
A
- neurons under stress die when overly excited
18
Q
clinical application of glutamate
A
- Rx of ALS
19
Q
GABA is excitatory or inhibitory
A
- inhibitory
20
Q
GABA found
A
- interneurons throughout CNS
21
Q
GABA function
A
- sedation and muscle relaxation
- cardiovascular and respiratory function
- spinal reflexes
- pain perception
22
Q
clinical application of GABA
A
- Rx of anxiety
23
Q
glycine (excitatory/inhibitory)
A
inhibitory (Cl-)
24
Q
glycine located in
A
- CNS
- spinal cord interneurons
25
clinical application of glycine
- Rx of spasticity
26
another name for serotonin
- 5-HT
27
serotonin synthesized in
- raphe nuclei
- pineal gland
SARAH AND RAPH GOT TOGETHER IN THE PINEAL GLAND IF YOU KNOW WHAT I'M SAYING
28
serotonin associated with
- limbic function
| - sleep
29
clinical application of serotonin
- treatment for depression
30
important enzyme in synthetic pathway of catecholamines
- tyrosine hydroxylase
31
NE found in
- sympathetic nervous sytem
| - locus ceruleus
32
locus ceruleus located in
- cerebral cortex
- LIKE CERULEAN CITY IN POKEMON WHERE MISTY WAS FROM AND SHE WAS HELLA CEREBRAL
ALSO CER AND CER LIKE HOW TF COULD YOU MISS THIS
33
locus ceruleus projects to
- all over cerebral cortex
34
locus ceruleus role
- mediates arousal
- attention
- anxiety
35
raphe nuclei are located in
- brainstem
THE BRAINSTEM IS LIKE THE POLE OF THE BRAIN AND MY BOY RAPH HOPPED ON THE POLE LAST YEAR AT THE STRIP CLUB
36
raphe nucleus project axons to
- all CNS regions
37
clinical application of NE
- Rx of ADHD
38
dopamine synthesized by
- substantia nigra
39
substantia nigra axons project to
- basal ganglia
40
substantia nigra in Parkinson's
- they degenerate
41
dopamine found in
- brainstem
| - hypothalamus
42
dopamine in brainstem important for
- reward
- pleasure
- addiction
43
dopamine in schizophrenia
- elevated
44
dopamine in hypothalamus important for
- release by pituitary to inhibit release of prolactin
45
dopamine treatment for
- Rx of schizophrenia
| - Rx of Parkinson's disease
46
two types of neurotransmitter receptors
which is the largest category?
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic (largest category)
47
ionotropic receptor
- an ion channel that alters the voltage of the post synaptic cell
48
metabotropic receptor
- triggers second messenger pathways that media cell's response
49
excitatory receptors that have ionotropic receptors
- glutamate
- Ach
- 5-HT
- ATP
50
inhibitory receptors that have ionotropic receptors
- GABA
| - glycine
51
excitatory receptors are (cation/anion) selective
- which influx
- cation
| - Na+ or Ca2+ influx
52
excitatory receptors effect on cell
- depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
53
inhibitory receptors are (cation/anion) selective
- which influx
- anion
| - Cl- influx
54
inhibitory receptors effect on cell
- hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell
55
metabotropic receptor examples
- alpha 1 and 2
- beta 1 and 2
- M2 and M3
56
some second messenger pathways
- adenylyl cyclase
- phopholipase C
- gunnel cyclase
- phospholipase A2
- G protein coupled K channels
57
adenylyl cyclase associated with
- cAMP
58
cAMP pathways
- PKA
| - CNG channels
59
phopholipase C associated with
- IP3 and DAG
60
IP3 and DAG channels
- intracellular Ca2+
| - PKC
61
guanylyl cyclase associated with
- cGMP
62
cGMP channels
- PKG and CNG channels
63
phopholipase A2 associated with
- Arachidonic acid and its metabolites
64
receptors of acetylcholine
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic
65
ionotropic receptors of acetylcholine
excitatory/inhibitory
- nicotinic
| - excitatory
66
metabotropic receptors of acetylcholine
excitatory/inhibitory
- muscarinic
| - excitatory or inhibitory
67
glutamate receptors
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic
68
ionotropic receptors of glutamate
excitatory/inhibitory
- AMPA
- NMDA
- Kainate
excitatory
69
metabotropic receptors of glutamate
excitatory/inhibitory
- increase cAMP via Gs
- increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
- excitatory
70
GABA receptors
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic
71
ionotropic receptors of GABA
excitatory/inhibitory
- GABA_A receptors
| - inhibitory
72
GABA_A receptors modulate
- ligand gated Cl- channel
73
metabotropic receptors of GABA
excitatory/inhibitory
- GABA_B receptors
| - inhibitory
74
GABA_B receptors role
- decrease cAMP
| - increase K+ permeability via Gi
75
serotonergic receptors
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic
76
ionotropic serotonergic receptors
excitatory/inhibitory
- 5-HT3
| - excitatory
77
metabotropic serotonergic receptors
excitatory/inhibitory
- 5-HT1
- 5-HT2
- 5-HT4-7
- excitatory and inhibitory
78
role of metabotropic serotonergic receptors
- some decrease cAMP via Gi
- some increase cAMP via Gs
- some increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
79
adrenergic receptors
- metabotropic only
80
adrenergic metabotropic receptors
excitatory/inhibitory
- alpha 1 - excitatory
- alpha 2 - inhibitory
- beta 1 - excitatory
- beta 2 - inhibitory
81
a1 receptors role
- increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
82
a2 receptors role
- decrease cAMP via Gi
83
beta receptors role
- increase cAMP via Gs
84
adrenergic receptors are expressed where
- in brain
| - pre and post synaptically
85
dopamine receptors
- metabotropic only
86
dopamine metabotropic receptors
excitatory/inhibitory
- D1 - excitatory
| - D2 - inhibitory
87
role of D1
- increase cAMP via Gs
88
role of D2
- decrease cAMP via Gi
89
dopamine receptors expressed where
- widely in brain
| - pre and post synaptically
90
neuropeptides have what type of activity
- receptor mediated activity
91
gases and other lipid soluble compounds have what type of activity
- retrograde activity
| - modulate release of other neurotransmitter
92
glycine receptors
- ionotropic only
