Pathology Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
hexagonal crystals
A
cystinuria
2
Q
enlarged hypercellular glomeruli
A
post-strep GN
3
Q
reactive arthritis triad
A
conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis
“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree”
4
Q
burkitt’s lymphoma
A
t(8;14) translocation
c-myc activation
“starry sky”
5
Q
mantle cell lymphoma
A
t(11;14) translocation
cyclin D1 activation
6
Q
follicular lymphoma
A
t(14;18) translocation
bcl-2 overexpression
7
Q
M3 type of AML
A
t(15;17)
responsive to all-trans retinoic acid
8
Q
CML
A
t(9;22)
bcr-abl fusion
9
Q
macroorchidism found mainly in?
A
Fragile X synd
10
Q
CGG repeats
A
Fragile X synd
11
Q
GAA repeats
A
Freidreich’s ataxia
12
Q
CAG repeats
A
Huntington’s dz
13
Q
CTG repeats
A
Myotonic dystrophy
14
Q
VHL dz
A
hemangioblastomas of retina/cerebellum/medulla
bilat Renal cell carcinoma
deletion of VHL gene (TS) on chrom 3
constitutive expression of HIF (TF) and activation of angiogenic growth factors
15
Q
what passes through the cavernous sinus?
A
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI (aka nerves that control EOM + V1, V2)
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
16
Q
only leukemia w/o lymphadenopathy?
A
Hairy cell leukemia
17
Q
coagulative necrosis seen in?
A
heart, liver, kidney
18
Q
liquefactive necrosis seen in?
A
brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion
19
Q
caseous necrosis seen in?
A
TB, systemic fungal infection
20
Q
fatty necrosis seen in?
A
peripancreatic fat (saponification via lipase)
21
Q
fibrinoid necrosis seen in?
A
blood vessels
22
Q
gangrenous necrosis seen in?
A
dry (ischemic coagulative)
wet (w/ bacteria)
common in limbs + GI tracts
23
Q
difference b/w apoptosis and necrosis?
A
inflammation in necrosis only
24
Q
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy affects?
A
pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells
25
hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock signs
low-output failure
increased TPR
low cardiac output
cold, clammy pt (vasoconstriction)
26
septic shock signs
high-output failure
decreased TPR
dilated arterioles, high venous return
hot patient (vasodilation)
27
free radical pathologies
Carbon tetrachloride --> liver necrosis (fatty change)
Acetaminophen overdose --> fulminant hepatitis
Iron overload --> hemochromatosis
Reperfusion after anoxia esp after thrombolytic therapy
"take good CAIR to avoid ROS damage"
28
transudate features
hyPOcellular
protein POOR
spec gravity <1.012
caused by: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, Na retention
29
exudate features
cellular
protein RICH
spec grav >1.012
due to: lymphocytic obstruction, inflamm
30
hypertrophic scar collagen?
type I
31
keloid collagen?
type III
32
DECREASED ESR?
sickle cell (altered shape)
polycythemia (too many)
CHF
33
benign/malignant tumor of the epithelium
adenoma, papilloma/adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
34
benign/malignant tumor of blood vessels
hemangioma/angiosarcoma
35
benign/malignant tumor of smooth muscle
leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
36
benign/malignant tumor of striated muscle
rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma
37
benign/malignant tumor of CT
fibroma/fibrosarcoma
38
benign/malignant tumor of bone
osteoma/osteosarcoma
39
benign/malignant tumor of fat
lipoma/liposarcoma
40
malignant tumor of blood cells
lymphoma, leukemia
41
things ending in -sarcoma + lymphomas, leukemias are of what origin?
mesenchymal
42
brain metastases mostly from?
lung then breast cancers
| 50% brain tumors = from metastasis
43
liver metastasis mostly from?
colon cancer
44
bone metastasis mostly from?
prostate and breast cancer
| tumor predilection for axial skeleton
45
psammoma bodies seen in?
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
"PSaMMoma"
46
Down synd associated cancer?
ALL, AML
| "we ALL fall DOWN"
47
xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism associated cancer?
melanoma
basal cell carcinoma of skin
**squamous cell carcinoma of skin (especially this)
48
chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants associated cancer?
gastric adenocarcinoma
49
tuberous sclerosis associated cancer?
Giant cell astrocytoma
Renal angiomyolipoma
cardiac rhabdomyoma
50
actinic keratosis associated cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
51
barrett esophagus (chronic GI reflux) associated cancer?
esophageal adenocarcinoma
52
plummer-vinson synd (decreased iron) associated cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
53
cirrhosis associated cancer?
HCC
54
ulcerative colitis associated cancer?
colonic adenocarcinoma
55
paget's disease of bone associated cancer?
secondary osteosarcoma
| fibrosarcoma
56
immunodeficiency states associated cancer?
malignant lymphomas
57
AIDS associated cancer?
aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's)
| Kaposi's sarcoma
58
autoimmune diseases associated cancer?
lymphoma
59
acanthosis nigracans associated cancer?
visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)
60
dysplastic nevus associated cancer?
malignant melanoma
61
radiation exposure associated cancer?
leukemia
sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer
breast cancer
62
what is needed for viability in Tricuspid atresia?
both ASD + VSD
63
tearing chest pain radiating to back; dx?
aortic dissection
64
what are the large vessel vasculitis (involving aorta/major branches)?
temporal (giant cell) arteritis
| takayasu's arteritis
65
what are the medium-vessel vasculitis (muscular arteries)?
Polyarteritis nodosa
Kawasaki disease
Buerger's dz (thromboangiitis obliterans)
66
what are the small-vessel vasculitis (arterioles, capillaries, venules)?
Microscopic polyangiitis
Wegener's granulomatosus
Churg-Strauss synd
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
67
pheochromocytomas associated w/?
NF1
MEN 2A, 2B
VHL disease
68
triad of Wiskott-Aldrich synd
thrombocytopenic purpura
recurrent infections
eczema
69
hemolytic uremic synd (HUS)?
thrombocytopenia
acute renal failure
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
70
defect in chronic granulomatous dz
lack of NADPH oxidase (absent respiratory burst in neutrophils)
71
treacher-collins synd ass w/ which branchial arch?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate
72
3 impt causes of polyuria and polydipsia
DM, diabetes insipidus, primary (psychogenic) polydipsia
73
irrev cell injury caused by?
```
Ca influx
damage to plasma membrane
damage to nucleus
rupture of lysosome
mitochondrial permeability
```
74
fragile X synd ass w/ what gene mutation?
FMR1
75
common feature seen in macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia?
hypersegmented neutrophils
76
factor VIII inhibitors ass w/?
birth
chlorpromazine tx
treating hemophilia A w/ factor VIII
77
factor V inhibitor ass w/?
streptomycin
| aminoglycosides
78
factor XIII inhibitor ass w/?
INH tx
79
what antibody produces false positive syphilis (VDRL) test?
anti-cardiolipin
80
carcinoids derived from what cells?
Kulchitsky cells
81
2 lung tumors w/ neurosecretory granules?
small cell
| bronchial carcinoid
82
lab findings in Down synd
DECREASED AFP, estriol
INCREASED b-hCG, inhibin A
US shows increased nuchal translucency
83
lab findings in Edwards synd
trisomy 18
DECREASED AFP, b-hCG, estriol
normal inhibin A
84
lab findings in Patau's synd
Trisomy 13
DON'T USE QUAD SCREEN
DECREASED free b-hCG, PAPP-A
INCREASED nuchal translucency
85
lab findings in Klinefelter's synd
decreased inhibin A --> increased FSH (bc of dygenesis of seminiferous tubules)
increased LH --> increased estrogen (bc of abnormal Leydig cell function)
86
lab findings in Turner's synd
decreased estrogen --> increased LH + FSH
| **menopause before menarche
87
gout crystals?
negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
88
pseudogout crystals?
positively birefringent rhombus-shaped crystals
89
organs w/ dual blood supply
liver (portal v. and hepatic a.)
lungs
intestine
90
2 most impt factors in angiogenesis
VEGF, FGF
