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1
Q

What is the average UK mortality rate for piglets pre-weaning?

A

12.4%

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2
Q

Why may it be harmful to give piglets broad-spectrum antibiotics at birth?

A

Harmful effects on the development of the gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome

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3
Q

Give some non-infectious causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Milk scour

Nutritional scour

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4
Q

Give some viral causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Rotavirus
PED/TGE (porcine epidemic diarrhoea/transmissible gastro-enteritis)
PRRS

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5
Q

Give some bacterial causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

E.coli

Clostridium perfringens type C or A

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6
Q

Give some parasitic causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Isospora suis (coccidia)
Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa)
Strongyloides

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7
Q

Give some triggers of scour in pre-weaners

A 
Poor hygiene
Lack of colostrum
Draughts/chilling
Fostering
Lack of sow immunity
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8
Q

What kind of scour is seen with viral scours?

A

Watery, profuse scour
Mostly produce villous atrophy in SI
Dehydration kills

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9
Q

How many strains of rotavirus are there?

A

4

No cross immunity

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10
Q

Give some clinical signs of rotavirus infection

A

Sudden death, distended abdomen, rapid decomposition

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11
Q

How can you control rotavirus infection?

A

Improve hygiene
Reduce chilling
Improve immunity (no vaccine; controlled exposure or ‘feedback’ with sows in late pregnancy using scour material to increase immunity)
Electrolyte support

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12
Q

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea and transmissible gastroenteritis are types of what?

A

Coronavirus

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13
Q

What kind of diarrhoea is seen with PED and TGE? (porcine epidemic diarrhoea and transmissible gastroenteritis)?

A

Profuse watery scour and vomiting

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14
Q

Can you vaccinate against PRRS?

A

Yes-sows

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15
Q

Give some clinical signs of PRRS in pre-weaners

A

Chemosis (oedema of conjunctiva)
Bruising/anaemia
Weak piglets
Coughing (rare)

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16
Q

How could you sample for PRRS?

A

Saliva sampling for ELISA or PCR

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17
Q

How does PRRS affect the immune system?

A

Destroys macrophages in the lung

Relates to waning MDAs

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18
Q

Is E.coli more common in indoor or outdoor pigs?

A

Indoor

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19
Q

What kind of scour is seen with E.coli?

A

Watery to flocculating to creamy scour

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20
Q

E.coli tends to affect pre-weaners at what age?

A

1-3 days (ie earlier than viral infections)

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21
Q

How do you treat E.coli?

A

Oral or systemic antibiotics
Choose based on confirmatory tests
Often only fluoroquinalones are effective (last resort)
Electrolyte support

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22
Q

How can you control E.coli?

A 
Vaccinate sows (only controls disease in first 3-4 days of piglets life)
Probiotics, yoghurt
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23
Q

What would you see on a PM of a piglet with clostridium perfringens type C?

A

Acute neonatal haemorrhagic enteritis due to B toxin

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24
Q

Does clostridium perfringens type C affect mostly indoor or outdoor pigs?

A

Outdoor

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25
When do piglets usually die from clostridium perfringens type C?
Within 24 hours of birth
26
How can you treat clostridium perfringens type C?
Antibiotics: penicillin or beta-lactams | Need to treat at birth
27
How can you control clostridium perfringens type C?
Vaccinate sows pre-farrowing (2 doses followed by yearly boosters each parity)
28
What kind of scour is seen with clostridium perfringens type A? Any other clinical signs? When is disease seen?
Low-grade pasty scour Weight loss Disease seen from 6 hours old til weaning
29
How can you treat clostridium perfringens type A?
Penicillin-based antibiotics Reduce fostering Electrolytes
30
How can you prevent clostridium perfringens type A?
Short-term prophylaxis with antibiotics at birth | Vaccinate sows
31
Coccidiosis tends to affect piglets of what age?
2-3 weeks old
32
Describe scour seen with coccidiosis in piglets | When does scour stop?
Non-fatal yellow pasty scour, occasionally with tiny blood flecks Unresponsive to treatment Scour stops when milk is withdrawn at weaning, but can leave gut damage with post-weaning fading
33
How can you control coccidiosis in piglets?
``` Hygiene Toltrazuril (coccidiostat) at 96hrs +/- 12 hrs old, single dose 0.4ml/kg In severe outbreaks, give a second dose at 10 days ```
34
How can you diagnose enteric disease in piglets?
Sacrifice live unaffected pigs, fix gut sections in saline plus fresh gut contents Test for virology, bacteriology, Cl toxins, histopathology Test scour (virology, bacteriology, toxins) Rectal swabs (bacteriology +/- PCR)
35
Describe 'milk scour' in pre-weaners
3 weeks onwards Gut overload Self-limiting unless secondary infection
36
Give some causes of nutritional scour in pre-weaners
Excessive creep feed Indigestible creep feed Stale/oxidised creep feed
37
Give some causes of nervous disease in piglets
Vitamin A deficiency Meningitis/septicaemia Miscellaneous poisons (heavy metals, plants, pharmaceuticals) Aujeszky's disease
38
Describe a congenital tremor of grade CT A2 in piglets
Cerebellar atrophy plus hypomyelinogenesis Ceases when pigs are asleep Will recover providing pigs can suckle (4-6 weeks old) Splay leg Unknown virus, suspect spread in semen
39
How do bacteraemia, septicaemia, joint ill and meningitis occur in piglets?
Penetration of bacteria through teeth clipping, navel, wounds, tail docking, tonsil, prenatal infection Caused by environmental contaminants eg staphs, streps, E coli
40
Give some clinical signs of meningitis/septicaemia/joint ill and bacteraemia?
Range from: - Sudden death - Convulsions (paddling) - Acute lameness +/- visibly swollen joints - Pyrexia - Pain-muscle fasciculation - Nystagmus - Opisthotonus - Cyanosis of extremities - Subcutaneous petechial haemorrhages - Collapse
41
When doing a PM on a piglet with septicaemia, how would the joints look?
Fluid in the joint cavities
42
How would you treat meningitis/septicaemia/joint ill/bacteraemia in piglets? What about control?
Systemic antibiotics NSAIDs/analgesia Control: colostrum intake, hygiene, iodine dips, pre-farrowing treatment of sows
43
What is arthrogriposis?
Congenital joint contractures in 2 or more areas of the body
44
When are piglets weaned?
28 days (21=absolute minimum)
45
What is the target weight for piglets at weaning?
7kg at average of 28 days
46
How does a piglet's gut change during weaning?
Villous atrophy- natural consequence of removing liquid diet
47
Why may a piglet fail to wean?
Too young Underweight (3.5-4kg minimum) Inadequate gut development Poor hygiene Chilling (hypothermia) Behavioural problems (don't adapt to losing mum) Biological deficiencies (dietary insufficiency, disease challenges)
48
How would you identify a piglet that has failed to wean?
``` Loss of condition, slab-sided, hairy, oversized head Not eating or drinking Navel-sucking Tail biting and other vices Slow death ```
49
How can you prevent failing weaners?
``` Only wean suitable pigs (above 4kg) Into suitable accommodation Onto suitable food Tight farrowing patterns Identify and treat disease challenges before and after weaning Aspirin in water for 5 days Organic acid in water ```
50
What should you do with failing weaners?
``` If not viable/saleable-euthanise Specialist hospital Supplementary milk Liquid diet Medication (injection/water) Put back onto isolated cull sow DO NOT PUT BACK IN FARROWING SHED ```
51
Describe classic post-weaning E.coli scour
``` 5-8 days post-weaning Sudden onset Watery diarrhoea Some sudden deaths Loss of condition Dehydration Mild pyrexia Lower jejunum/ileum Only diagnosable in lab (similar to salmonella) ```
52
Give some triggers for enteric diseases of the weaned pig
``` Diet Feeding changes Chilling Gorging Draughts Poor hygiene Previous gut damage ```
53
How can you treat enteric diseases of the weaned pig?
Antibiotics eg neomycin Injectable vs water medication Organic acids
54
How do draughts lead to enteric disease in piglets?
Draughts -> chilling -> decreased gut motility -> bacterial proliferation
55
How can you prevent enteric disease in weaned piglets?
``` Hygiene Environmental control eg draught control Zinc oxide via feed (heavy metals have anti-bacterial effects) Organic acids Metaphylactic/prophylactic antibiotics ```
56
Necrotic enteritis in weaners is mostly caused by which strain of salmonella?
S.typhimurium
57
Give some causes of CNS disease in post-weaners
``` u7uiuMeningitis Bowel oedema Water deprivation/salt poisoning Middle ear disease Toxicities Notifiable/exotic diseases ```
58
Give some causes of meningitis in post-weaners
Strep suis most common (type 2) | Haemophilus parasuis
59
Give some clinical signs of meningitis
``` Trembling Pyrexia Collapse Paddling convulsions Tetanic spasms Nystagmus Sudden death ```
60
How do you diagnose meningitis?
``` PM Congestion of meninges Touch smear-high WBC counts Culture of meningeal swab/csf aspirate (would see excess fluid) Serotyping of isolate ```
61
How do you treat meningitis?
Injectable antibiotics-beta lactams, florfenicol NSAIDs Fluids (can die from dehydration as don't get up to drink) Quiet Warmth
62
Can you vaccinate against meningitis?
Yes: - Commercial (sow) - Autogenous (sow or piglet)
63
What causes 'Glassers disease'?
Haemophilus parasuis
64
What causes bowel oedema/oedema disease?
E coli strains that produce shiga toxins
65
Describe the pathology of bowel oedema
Shiga toxins from E coli produce oedema to brain, omentum, gastric mucosa, peritoneum 2-4 weeks after weaning
66
Give the clinical signs of bowel oedema/oedema disease
``` Puffy eyelids Collapse Sudden death Paddling convulsions Pyrexia Subcutaneous oedema of skull High pitched squeal (laryngeal oedema) ```
67
What would you find on a PM of a piglet with oedema disease/bowel oedema?
Subcutaneous oedema Fluid deposits in abdomen Abdominal oedema (greater omentum, spiral colon mesentery) Brain oedema (minimal WBCs on touch smear) Nasopharyngeal oedema
68
How can you treat and control bowel oedema/oedema disease?
``` Individual antibiotic treatment often fails due to toxins NSAIDs Corticosteroids Water soluble metaphylaxis Zinc oxide in feed In feed antibiotics Feed restriction Piglet vaccine (4-7 days old) ```
69
Give the clinical signs of water deprivation
``` Most common in pigs 6-25 weeks old Sudden onset nervous disease No pyrexia Manic behaviour around water points Collapse, dog-sitting, opisthotonus, fall over backwards, convulsions Rapid rehydration makes cases worse ```
70
How do you treat water deprivation?
Slow rehydration per rectum, intraperitoneal injection Rapid rehydration causes osmotic flow of fluid to the brain -> swelling Corticosteroids may help iv drips in pet pigs
71
Give the clinical signs of middle ear disease in weaners
Head tilt | Head shaking
72
How do middle ear infections arise in weaners?
Routes of entry: From external ear-usually associated with mange mites From nasopharynx-via eustachian tube
73
How do you treat and control middle ear disease?
``` Early and intensive Prolonged systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics Mange control NSAIDs Euthanasia ```
74
Which diseases make up porcine respiratory disease complex (weaner respiratory disease)?
``` PRRS Porcine circovirus 2 Swine influenza Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Mycoplasma hyopneumonia Haemophilus parasuis ```
75
Give some clinical signs of weaner respiratory disease? | When do clinical signs start?
``` Start at or soon after weaning Coughing Pyrexia Dyspnoea Low appetite Cyanosis Loss of condition Slowed growth Death ```
76
What would you see on a PM of a piglet with weaner respiratory disease?
``` Lung consolidation; dependent lungs, patchy Pleurisy Pericarditis Peritonitis Polyserositis ```
77
What is the incubation period for swine influenza?
24 hours
78
Give the clinical signs of swine influenza
``` Coughing ++++ Pyrexia Depression Inappetence Low mortality ```
79
How can you treat swine influenza?
No specific treatment Avoid antibiotics unless secondary infections are a real risk Aspirin in water Paracetamol in feed
80
Can you vaccinate against swine influenza?
Yes, sows only
81
What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis in piglets?
Pasteurella multocida type D toxin-producing strain
82
Give the clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis in piglets
``` Initial rhinitis Sneezing Nasal discharge Epistaxis Tear staining Destruction of turbinates Snout distortion ```
83
Give the effects of progressive atrophic rhinitis
Reduces filter mechanism of nares -> more inhalation of pathogens and pollutants Severe growth retardation Uneconomic to maintain
84
What is PMWS?
Post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease
85
Give the clinical signs of PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting disease)
``` Fading starting around 7 weeks of age Rapid loss of condition Generalised lymphadenopathy +/- respiratory disease +/- enteric disease Secondary disease ```
86
How is PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease) controlled?
Vaccination
87
What causes greasy pig disease? Is it pruritic? Is it fatal?
Staphylococcus hyicus (skin commensal) No Can be fatal
88
When does greasy pig disease typically occur?
Post-weaning
89
How do you treat greasy pig disease?
Individual antibiotic injections (3-5 days) (lincomycin, beta lactams, 3rd or 4th gen cephalosporins) Fluid replacement Wash in Savlon
90
How can you prevent greasy pig disease?
Reduce damage caused by fighting (eg teeth clipping) Hygiene Improve ventilation/reduce humidity Autogenous vaccines
91
What causes sarcoptic mange?
Scabies | Most common skin parasite of pigs
92
Give the clinical sigs of sarcoptic mange
``` Intense and persistent pruritus (scratching, head shaking) Papular dermatitis Dermal crusting Lameness Lethargy Slowed growth Ear crusting ```
93
When do signs of pityriasis rosea appear?
3-5 weeks of age | Spontaneously disappear at 12-14 weeks
94
Why should pet pig owners not keep pigs in close contact with sheep?
Ovine herpes virus 2 can be transmitted to pigs | Blind, aimless, ocular discharge, corneal clouding, mouth sores
95
What is the daily water intake of a pig?
100ml/kg/day
96
What is the normal rectal temp of a pig?
38.7-39.8
97
Where can you take blood from a pig?
Jugular vein Ear vein? Tail vein?
98
How much maintenance should a pet pig eat a day?
1% BW/day | smaller breeds up to 2%
99
Give some common consequences of obesity in pet pigs
``` Joint problems Overgrown feet Dermatitis in fat folds Secondary arthritis Entropion ```
100
Give some causes of locomotor problems in pet pigs
``` Overgrown feet Joint problems (eg arthritis) Erysipelas (joint and heart problems) Streptococcal joint infections Purulent joint abscess (arcanobacter) Joint injuries (growth plate fractures, ruptured ligaments) Bone problems (osteoporosis, vit D deficiency) Hoof and foot cracks/ulcers/erosions (cracked hooves=biotin deficiency) ```
101
Pet pigs with cracked hooves may have a deficiency in what?
Biotin
102
How do you de-tusk pet boars?
Sedate Noose behind tusks Saw off with embryotomy wire Remove all 4 tusks (won't bleed)
103
Give some causes of skin problems in pet pigs
``` Mange (sarcoptes scabei var suis)-ivermectins Lice (haemoatopinus suis)-ivermectins Insect bites (culicoides, mosquitoes) Erysipelas-vaccinate twice yearly; penicillin Ringworm (trichophyton verrucosum, M canis) Greasy pig disease Dermatitis in fat folds Pressure sores Sunburn Photosensitisation Zinc deficiency Vit B deficiency Flakey skin Pityriasis rosea Age-related alopecia Atopic and contact allergies ```
104
Give some respiratory problems that may be seen in pet pigs
Rare in pet pigs due to low stocking densities Metastrongylus in over-used paddocks Migrating ascarids in uncleaned straw/earth pens
105
How would you treat glassers, APP, streps and staphs?
Penicillin
106
What must you need to know before you castrate an adult pet pig?
Accurate weight
107
What is the only licensed sedative in pigs?
``` Azaperone IM (IV causes excitement) 1-2mg/kg Withdrawal=10 days No analgesic properties Can combine with GA or LA Can use with ketamine, +/- diazepam or ACP ```
108
Why should you take care when using pentobarbital in pigs?
Not licensed or sterile | Causes heart-block in pigs
109
When castrating an adult pig, where can you inject pentobarbital and why?
Intra-testicular for rapid recovery
110
When do the majority of piglet deaths occur?
During the first 72 hours of life
111
How do you castrate an adult pig?
Two incisions in scrotum Pull testicle out and wind until artery snaps (doesn't bleed) (Can tie off but increases risk of infection) No need to suture-heals well Antibiotic cover Analgesia-ketoprofen Beware scrotal hernias. If present, give full GA
112
Give some geriatric problems of older pet pigs
``` Tumours Severe dental problems Arthritis Deformed feet ('flat footed') Diabetes Spontaneous fractures ```
113
How often should you worm a pet pig?
4 times a year
114
How often should you vaccinate pigs against clostridial disease?
Vaccinate sows twice yearly
115
What size needle should you use for IM injections?
1.5 inch (16g) Small pigs maybe 18g Piglets 21g
116
Give some analgesics you can use in pet pigs
Meloxicam (metacam) Ketoprofen Flunixin Phenylbutazone
117
Where should you euthanise small pet pigs when using barbiturates?
Anterior vena cava via jugular furrow
118
Where should you euthanise bigger pet pigs when using barbiturates?
Abdomen (10cm paravertebral, cranial to umbilicus)
119
Where should you aim when using a captive bolt gun for euthanasia?
Between the eyes, central, aim for back of throat
120
Give some possible poisons of pet pigs
``` Organophosphates Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) Phenols and cresols Lead, other heavy metals Warfarin Phototoxins Salt Gases (eg NH3) Monensin (growth promoter) ```
121
What is the difference between a notifiable and reportable disease?
- Notifiable: must report SUSPISCION to APHA | - Reportable: must be reported once it's been confirmed
122
Give some consequences of notifiable disease suspiscion
- Restrictions on movements from farm - Restrictions on deliveries to farm - Restrictions on you - Protection zones - Surveillance zones - Possibly export restrictions - Publicity
123
What are the consequences of confirmed PED (porcine epidemic diarrhoea)?
No restrictions; don't need to slaughter pigs (cf FMD)
124
How are pig notifiable diseases classified?
- Haemorrhagic diseases - Vesicular diseases - Others
125
Name the haemorrhagic pig notifiable diseases
- Classical Swine Fever | - African Swine Fever
126
Name the vesicular pig notifiable diseases
- FMD - SVD (swine vesicular disease) - Vesicular Stomatitis - Vesicular Exanthema - Seneca Valley A Virus
127
Name the other pig notifiable diseases
- Brucella suis - Anthrax - Treschen Disease - PED High Path - Aujeszky's Disease
128
What causes foot and mouth disease?
A Picorna virus
129
How many serotypes of foot and mouth disease are there?
7
130
Which kinds of animals does foot and mouth disease affect?
- Cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs) | - Various wildlife species (eg buffalo)
131
Which factors make FMD highly contagious?
- Rapid replication and short intubation - Massive virus release - High susceptibility of hosts - Several routes of transmission
132
What is the incubation period of FMD?
2-14 days, depends on: - The dose of virus to which the animal has been exposed - The strain of the virus - Route of infection
133
How is FMD spread?
- Virus is present in the fluid inside blisters, saliva, urine, dung, milk and exhaled air, and later in blood - Infection occurs through direct or indirect contact (fomites, feed, aerosols, AI)
134
How long can humans harbour FMD virus for?
24-48 hrs, in their resp tract
135
Give the clinical signs of FMD
- Pyrexia - Sudden lameness - Vesicle formation mainly on the feet (coronary bands), snout or tongue - Inappetence - Abortion/sudden death in piglets
136
What causes swine vesicular disease?
An enterovirus
137
What causes vesicular exanthema?
A calicivirus
138
What causes vesicular stomatitis?
A rhabdovirus
139
What causes African Swine Fever?
An Asfarviridae virus (double-stranded DNA virus)
140
How is African Swine Fever spread?
- Indirect transmission: feed, fomites, Ornithodoros ticks (soft ticks) - Direct transmission
141
What is the incubation period of African Swine Fever?
3-19 days
142
What are the 3 categories of African Swine Fever infection?
- Per-acute - Acute - Sub-acute/chronic
143
Give the clinical signs of per-acute acute African Swine Fever
Sudden death with few signs
144
Give the clinical signs of acute African Swine Fever
- Death within a few days (can have 100% mortality) - Pyrexia (>41oC) - Anorexia, apathy, incoordination - Vomiting and diarrhoea (may be bloody) - Resp signs, conjunctivitis - Cyanosis of extremities - Abortion
145
Give the clinical signs of sub-acute/chronic African Swine Fever
- Weight loss - Reduced growth - Lameness - Resp signs - Abortion
146
What causes Classical Swine Fever?
A pestivirus
147
How does transmission of Classical Swine Fever occur?
- Oral/oronasal route - Mucous membranes - Skin abrasions - Aerosols - Fomites - Carrier animals
148
What is the incubation period of Classical Swine Fever?
2-15 days (but can be up to 4 weeks in the field)
149
Give the clinical signs of highly virulent strains of Classical Swine Fever
- Pyrexia - Weakness - Anorexia - Conjunctivitis - Constipation -> watery diarrhoea - Vomiting - Unsteady gait - Skin haemorrhages/cyanotic discolouration - Severe leucopenia - Death within 1-3 weeks
150
Give some differential diagnoses for runting of pigs
- PMWS (porcine multi-systemic wasting syndrome) - Campyloberteriosis - Swine dysentry
151
Give some differential diagnoses for abortion in pigs
- Parvovirus - PRRS - Aujeszky's disease
152
Give some differential diagnoses for septicaemia in pigs
- Salmonellosis - Erysipelas - Pasteurellosis - Haemophilus
153
What is Teschen Disease? | What are the clinical signs?
- Notifiable disease - Enterovirus causing polioencephalomyelitis - Clinical signs: high fever, incoordination, tremors, inappetence, convusions, death
154
What is Aujeszky's disease?
- Notifiable - Herpes virus - Also known as Pseudorabies/Mad Itch - Now eradicated from most of NW Europe
155
What are the clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease in different ages of pigs?
- Adults: abortion storms, mummification, mild pyrexia, anorexia, vomiting - Piglets from 3 days up to weaning: V and D -> nervous signs with pyrexia (dog-sitting, incoordination, muscle tremor, opisthotonus, convulsions) - Weaners and growers: pyrexia, incoordination -> dog-sitting, convulsions, death. Pneumonia
156
How are pigs infected with Brucella suis?
(Notifiable) | -Oral or venereal infection
157
Give the clinical signs of Brucells suis
- Abortion, SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility) - Vulval discharge - Orchitis - Polyarthritis and osteomyelitis
158
What are the symptoms of Seneca Valley A virus?
(Notifiable) - Same as FMD - Can cause fevers, acute lameness, reduced feed intake for older pigs and breeding herd
159
What does POM-V stand for?
Prescription-only medicine- veterinarian
160
What does POM-VPS stand for?
Prescription-only medicine- veterinarian, pharmacist, suitably qualified person
161
What does NFA-VPS stand for?
Non-food animal- veterinarian, pharmacist, suitably qualified person
162
What does AVM-GSL stand for?
Authorised veterinary medicine-general sales list
163
Which vaccines are available for breeding pigs?
- PRRS - Porcine parvovirus - Erysipelas - PCV2 - Leptospirosa - Clostridium novyi - M. hyopneumoniae
164
Which vaccines are available to protect growing pigs directly?
- M. hyopneumoniae - PCV2 - PRRS - Actino pleuropneumoniae - E.coli - Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers) - Lawsonia intracellularis - Erysipelas
165
Which vaccines are available to protect growing pigs via colostrum ie by vaccinating the dam?
- E.coli - Clostridium perfringens - Erysipelas - Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers) - Progressive atrophic rhinitis
166
Compare live vs attenuated vaccines
Live: - Stronger immunity - Single dose - More rapid onset - But risk of reversion to virulence Attenuated: - Slower to effect - Often double dosing - Poorer reaction - But safer and cheaper
167
Where is the best place to inject a pig when aiming behind the ear?
- Most muscular part - Avoid going too high in sows -> fat layer - Too low behind ears -> salivary glands
168
When should you vaccinate a sow against Parvovirus?
2 weeks before service
169
What should you vaccinate a gilt against post-service/pre-farrowing?
- E.coli - Erysipelas booster - Clostridium perfringens (with E.coli) - PAR (progressive atrophic rhinitis)
170
What should you vaccinate a sow with at each parity?
- E.coli - Parvovirus - Erysipelas - Clostridium perfringens - PRRS - Strep suis - Haemophilus parasuis
171
What should you vaccinate a sow with before service?
- Erysipelas - Parvovirus - PRRS - Lepto - PCV2 booster
172
Which vaccinations would you give to a growing pig?
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (from 3 days) - PCV2 - E.coli (4 days old) - PRRS (from 3 weeks old) - Lawsonia (from 3 weeks old) - Glassers (Haemophilus parasuis, 2 doses from 5 weeks old) - Actino pleuropneumoniae (2 doses from 6 weeks old)
173
What is an autogenous vaccine?
- Made from culture of microorganisms from an individual, then used to immunize that same individual against further spread and progression - Must be inactivated
174
When are autogenous vaccines used?
- When no commerical vaccine is available | - When commerical vaccine fails
175
What are the Group 1 antibiotics?
First choice for use - Tetracyclines - Penicillins - Fenicols - Pleuromutilins - Aminocyclitol - Aminoglycosides - Suplhonamides
176
What are the Group 2 antibiotics?
Second choice for use - Betalactams (including 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins) - Macrolides
177
What are the Group 3 antibiotics?
Last resort, use when nothing else works - Fluororquinalones - 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins - Colistin - Amoxycilin/Clavulanic acid
178
How much water does a pig drink?
10ml/kg/day
179
How much food should a piglet eat post-weaning (2 weeks)?
2.5% BW/day
180
How much food should a piglet eat when it is 6-20 weeks old?
4% BW/day
181
How much food should a sow eat in lactation?
0.5-5% BW/day
182
How much food should a dry sow eat?
1.25% BW/day
183
What is toltrazuril?
Anti-coccidial
184
Why might we give hormones to pigs?
- Stimulate oestrus (eg PMSG + hCG) - Synchronise oestrus (eg Regumate) - Induce farrowing (PGF2a) - Stimulate uterine contractions (eg oxytocin)
185
When does oestrus occcur after giving Regumate?
5 days after last dose
186
How long must you give Regumate for before sows come into oestrus?
18 days, oestrus occurs 5 days after last dose | Squirt into mouth
187
How long must records be kept for regarding medicine use in food-producing animals?
5 years
188
Give a problem with in-feed medication
-Can't guarantee all pigs are getting correct dose (eg reduced appetite -> won't have full dose)
189
What must you include when recording medicine use?
- Product used (bottle no if relevant) - Date treatment started - Identification/location of animal - Reason for treatment - Duration and dose of treatment - Withdrawal period - Earliest date for slaughter for human consumption - Administrator's signature/initials
190
Which licensed GA are available in pigs?
None
191
What is the only licensed sedative in pigs?
Azaperone
192
Which drug would you use for an epidural in pigs?
Lidocaine
193
What would you use for anaesthetising pigs?
Rompun (xylazine) and ketamine
194
How old is a 'grower pig'?
12-25 weeks (30-100+kg)
195
Give the major disease syndromes of growing pigs
- Porcine respiratory disease complex - Enteric diseases (infectious and physical) - Vice - Erysipelas - Lameness
196
When does porcine respiratory disease complex occur?
- At or soon after weaning and continues into growing stages | - Or starts at finishing stages (after 12 weeks old)
197
Give the clinical signs of porcine respiratory disease complex
- Coughing - Pyrexia - Dyspnoea - Cyanosis - Low appetite - Loss of condition - Slowed growth - Mortality
198
Give some diseases that contribute to porcine respiratory disease complex
- PRRS - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - Swine infuenza - Damage done by earlier challenges
199
What is the incubation period for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
6-8 weeks
200
How does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae affect the lungs?
- Damages bronchial cilia -> secondary bacterial challenge -> pleurisy - Interstitial pneumonia
201
Cranial lung lesions implies which kind of pneumonia?
Inhalation pneumonia
202
What causes swine enzootic pneumonia?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
203
How do you diagnose swine enzootic pneumonia?
- Gross pathology -> lung lesions - Histopathology - PCR - Combination
204
How do you treat swine enzootic pneumonia?
- Individuals: TMZ, LA macrolides | - Group: via water: TMZ, florphenicol, tylosin, lincomycin
205
How can you prevent swine enzootic pneumonia?
- In-feed medication: prophylactic eg CTC, tilmicosin | - Vaccinate from 3 days old
206
What are the 3 possible presentations of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?
- Part of porcine respiratory disease complex - Acute/per-acute outbreaks - Chronic grumbling disease
207
Give the clinical signs of acute Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
- Sudden death - Mass lethargy and inappetence - Coughing variable - Extreme pyrexia - Bloody discharge from nares - Can see remarkable recovery with Ceftiofur injection
208
Give some infectious and physical GI conditions of growers/finishers
Infectious: - Swine dysentry - Spirochaecal colitis - Lawsonia (ileitis) - Grower scours - Parasitism Physical: - Gastric ulceration - Volvulus - Prolapse - Rectal stricture
209
What causes swine dysentry?
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae | - Causes ulcerative colitis/typhlytis
210
Why is swine dysentry a costly disease?
- Death - Slow growth - Poor feed conversion efficiency - Stunting
211
What are the clinical signs of swine dysentry?
- Muco-haemorrhagic scour - Foul smell - Pyrexia - Depression - Inappetence - Rapid loss of condition - Slab-sided pigs - Death after a few days
212
How do you treat swine dysentry?
- Pleuromutilins-tiamulin/valnemulin - Lincomycin - Tylvalosin
213
How do you control swine dysentry?
- No vaccine | - Nutritional management
214
What causes Spirochaetal colitis?
- Brachyspira pilosicoli (common commensal) | - Often mixed infection with Lawsonia/Salmonella/Yersinia enterocolitica
215
Give the clinical signs of Spirochaetal colitis
- Cow pat dung -> frank scour | - Occasionally blood flecking, rarely mucous
216
What are 'grower scours'?
- Nutritionally-induced low grade hind gut enteritis, often complicated with Brachyspira pilosicoli/Lawsonia - Caused by over-eating (esp pelleted feed)
217
How do you control grower scours?
- Nutritional management - Restricted feeding - Hygiene - Reduced cereal inclusion
218
How do you treat grower scours?
-Same for swine dysentry: -Pleuromutilins-tiamulin/valnemulin, Lincomycin, Tylvalosin
219
What is PIA?
Porcine intestinal adenopathy (ileitis)
220
What is PHE?
Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (ileitis)
221
What causes PIA and PHE?
Lawsonia intracellularis
222
Give the clinical signs of porcine intestinal adenopathy (PIA)
- Thickening of terminal SI and proximal colon - Mal-digestion - Low grade scour - Loss of condition - Slow/uneven growth
223
Give the clinical signs of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)
- Acute haemorrhagic ileitis/colitis - Sudden death - Foul smell - Usually older animals - Blood 'rope' (of clotted blood)
224
How do you treat PIA and PHE (porcine intestinal adenopathy and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy)?
- Causative agent (Lawsonia) is intracellular so need an antibiotic that penetrates cell walls -> macrolides - Tylosin - Vaccine (live oral vaccine)
225
Give the clinical signs of Ascaris suum infection
- Rarely causes gut disturbance - Occasional gut blockage - 'Milk spot liver' (migration) - Jaundice - Growth inhibition
226
When is Ascaris suum usually detected?
Slaughter
227
How can you prevent Ascaris suum?
- Worming: avermectins/benzimidazoles | - Hygiene: lime washings, eggs are almost indestructible
228
Where does Trichuris suis reside?
Colon -> irritation
229
How do you control Trichuris suis?
- Hygiene (lime washing) | - Multiple high dose worming
230
What is volvulus?
Rotation of GI tract on base of mesentery
231
Give some clinical signs of volvulus
- Very rapid death or short period of intense pain - Swollen abdomen - Pale carcass - Protrusion of anus - Caecal positioning is diagnostic (twisted 360 degrees)
232
Give the clinical signs 0f a haemorrhagic gastric ulcer
- Malena -smell (digested blood) - Sudden death - Pale carcass - Clotted blood in stomach +/- intestine - Obvious ulcer
233
Give some causes of gastric ulcers
- Stress - High wheat diets - High protein diets - Vitamin deficiencies
234
Give some causes of rectal prolapse
- Excess abdominal pressure (coughing, huddling, over-stocking) - Straining (diarrhoea)
235
How do you replace a rectal prolapse?
- Sugar - Rubber gloves - Gentle pressure +/- purse string suture - Or could amputate
236
Give a possible consequence of a rectal prolapse
Stricture
237
Give some consequences of a rectal stricture
- Gut blockage, can't defecate, abdominal distension, lost condition, jaundice - If blood supply is interrupted -> bacterial infection eg salmonella, strep suis, haemophilus parasuis
238
How do you treat a rectal prolapse?
- If found early -> gently ease open with fingers | - Otherwise -> euthanase
239
How shoud you respond to umbiical hernias?
- If small, leave alone | - If large/damaged -> euthanase
240
What is the most common bacteriaemic/septicaemic condition of pigs?
Erysipelas (diamond skin disease)
241
What are the clilnical signs of erysipelas?
- Peracute: found dead, septicaemia - Acute: diamond skin lesions, severe pyrexia, depression, anorexia - Chronic sequelae: crippling lameness, endocarditis, skin sloughing - Sows: abortion
242
What is the cause of erysipelas?
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae- many strains - Organism is carried asymptomatically bymost wild birds and rodents - Common in outdoor systems - Breeding systems usually vaccinated but not growers
243
How do you treat erysipelas?
- Penicillin - Amoxycillin can be used in water metaphylactically - Vaccination - Romove source (bird contamination of feed, rodent control)
244
Give some vices of growers/finishers
Biting of tails, ears, flanks, legs, anus, vulva
245
What causes vices?
- Discontentment (not boredom) - Frustration - Insifficient food/water access - Draughts - Over-/under-stocking - Nutritional defects - Concurrent disease - Teething?
246
Give some consequences of vices
- Death - Local abscessation - Spinal abscessation - Unmarketability - Euthanasia
247
Will a pig be accepted for consumption if it has a swollen joint?
No
248
Give some clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- Acute synovitis - Often no visible swelling - Acute polyarthritis -> lameness, stiff legs, collapse under weight
249
How is Mycoplasma hyosynoviae spread?
In faeces
250
How do you treat Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infection?
Tiamulin/lincomycin
251
What is the Farrowing Index? | What is the target value?
- Number of litters per sow per year | - Target=2.4
252
What is the target number of pigs born alive per sow per year?
>27
253
What is the target number of pigs born alive per sow per litter?
11.5
254
Which factors affect the number of pigs born alive per litter?
- Ovulation rate - Fertilisation rate - Implantation rate - Embryonic survival rate - Foetal survival rate - Parturition survival rate
255
What is meant by an 'empty day'?
Days that the uterus is empty
256
What is meant by farrowing rate? | What is the target %?
The proportion of females served that farrow | 85%
257
What is meant by conception rate? | What is the target %?
Number of services required to establish a viable pregnancy (3 week non-return rate) 90%
258
What is meant by litter scatter?
Over 15% of litters having 8 piglets or less
259
What is the target value for piglets born dead per litter?
0.7
260
Give some causes of sow post-weaning anoestrus
- Body condition (very fat or very thin) - Starvation - Boar contact - Stress - Pre-weaning 'silent heat' - Season (of year) - Mycotoxicosis (in feed or bedding) - Poor observation, short visible oestrus - Endometritis
261
Give some causes of failure of fertilisation
- Timing and quality of service - Quality of service - Boar contact for AI - Fertility of semen (eg contaminated)
262
Give some causes of early embryonic loss
- Pre-implantation stress - Nutrition - Endometritis
263
Give some causes of vaginal discharge in sows after service
- Service hygiene (carrier boars- Actinobaculum suis) - Service- house hygiene - Carry over from farrowing (debris, damage, infection) - Chronic cystitis
264
How could you improve conception and fertilisation rates?
- Injectable GnRH analogues eg Buserelin, Perforelin | - Give after weaning to increase FSH/LH
265
When should you give Beserelin (GnRH analogue)?
- Sows: 83-89hrs after weaning, then AI 30-33hrs later | - Gilts: 115-120hrs after synchronisation, then AI 30-33hrs later
266
When should you give Perforelin (GnRH analogue)?
- Sows: 24hrs after weaning | - Gilts: 48hrs after synchronisation
267
How do you use Regumate? | What is the active ingredient?
- Give orally for 18 days, oestrus occurs 5-7 days later | - Altrenogest
268
What is the most important time during pregnancy to avoid stress?
Attachment of conceptus
269
Which virus can cause mummified piglets?
Parvovirus
270
Give some non-infectious conditions that can cause abortion
- Sunburn - Heat stress - Photosensitisation - Toxaemia-poisons, physiological - Sudden reduction in food intake
271
Which condition can cause sows to have blue ears?
PRRS
272
At what age are gilts first served?
220-230 days old (130-140kg)
273
What condition score should a gilt be when she is first served?
3 out of 5
274
Why is pig semen always used fresh?
Can't be successfully frozen and defrosted
275
Give some causes of primary uterine inertia
- Over-distension of uterus (overfull/hydrops foetalis-abnormal accumulation of fluid in 2 or more foetal compartments) - Lack of exercise - Hypocalcaemia - Other illnesses eg flu, PRRS - Endocrine malfunction (lack of luteolysis)
276
Give some causes of secondary uterine inertia
- More common - Heat - Exhaustion - Dehydration - Hypocalcaemia - Intercurrent disease - Prolonged foetal dystocia - Often leads to RFM -> failure to involute -> metritis - Dead putrefying foetuses
277
How do you treat uterine inertia?
- Oxytocin (0.2-0.4ml during farrowing, 0.6-1ml after farrowing and next day) - Antibiotics (LA penicillin) - Anti-inflammatories, esp if bruising/swelling/damage eg corticosteroids - Analgesia (NSAIDs) - Prostaglandins to induce labour/expel uterus 24-48 hrs post farrowing
278
When would you perform a C-sectionon a sow?
- Pelvic blockage | - Unresponsive inertia
279
Which anaesthesia should you use when doing a C-section?
- Ketamine (0.15-0.2ml/kg) | - Sedate with Azaperone
280
Where should you incise when doing a C-section?
10cm above and parallel to udder, approx 20cm long
281
When does vaginal prolapse tend to occur in relation to farrowing?
Pre-farrowing
282
What is MMA complex?
Constipation=underlying case? - Mastitis - Metritis - Agalactia (no milk)
283
Give some factors that affect MMA
- Farrowing house temperatures - Pre-farrowing feeding (excess/type) - Water availability - Constipation - Sow condition - Duration of farrowing - Floor quality - Pathogens eg Klebsiella, Coliforms
284
How do you treat MMA?
- Corticosteroids (dexamethasone) - Oxytocin - Antibiotics (borad spectrum eg Pen/Strep) - Analgesia - Sow comfort - Supplement piglets
285
What is the most common skin parasite of pigs? | How do you treat it?
Sarcoptes scabiei var suis | Tx: ivermectin
286
How do you differentiate false ringworm from true ringworm? | What is false ringworm actually called?
False ringworm= Pityriasis rosea | False ringworm is non pruritic, true ringworm is
287
What should you use if doing an epidural on a pig?
2% Lidocaine
288
Where is preferable for giving IM injections?
Neck
289
What is the legal minimum weaning age for piglets? | How much should they weigh?
28 days (7-8kg)
290
What is the target weight for piglets aged 10-12 weeks old?
30kg
291
What is the target weight for piglets aged 22-24 weeks old?
100kg
292
Which antibody is most prominent in pig colostrum?
IgG
293
What can you use to induce labour?
Prostaglandins (must know due date)
294
Which parasite causes 'milk spot liver'?
Ascaris suum

Year 4 (51 decks)

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