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Poultry Flashcards

(136 cards)

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1
Q

What is the heart rate of a chicken?

A

120-160bpm

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2
Q

What is the resp rate of a chicken?

A

20-130brpm

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3
Q

Where should you take blood from a chicken?

A

Wing vein

Also right jugular vein (bigger)

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4
Q

How do you take a faecal sample from a chicken?

A

Cloacal swab or dropping

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5
Q

What is the intermediate host of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Heterakis worm

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6
Q

The eggs of which worms can be found in chicken faecal samples?
What about protozoal oocysts?

A 
Gizzard worm
Trichostrongyles
Heterakis
Gapeworm
Capillaria

Eimeria spp

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7
Q

Where would you feel when doing a chicken clinical exam?

A

Pin bones-fat coverage
Breast muscle-fitness
Scale of 1 to 5

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8
Q

What is the proper name for the preen gland?

A

Uropygieal gland

Produces lipid secretion for feather maintenance

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9
Q

Which specialised glands do chickens have?

A

Uropygieal (preen) gland
Glands within outer auditory canal
Ventral glands of cloaca

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10
Q

Where is the brood patch located?

What happens to it during laying?

A

Caudal half of ventral apterium
Prior to laying, brood patch loses all/some feathers and is highly vascularised
Hormone-controlled

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11
Q

What would you use to treat mites in poultry?

A

Ivermectin

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12
Q

Give some internal parasites of poultry

A 
Capillaria
Heterakis 
Ascarids
Trichostrongyles
Tapeworm
Gizzard worm
Gapeworm
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13
Q

What is the only licensed treatment for internal worm parasites?

A

Flubendazole

Give in food/water for 7 days

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14
Q

What causes Blackhead in turkeys?

Give a classic clinical sign

A

Histomonas meleagridis

Yellow diarrhoea

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15
Q

Give a clinical sign of Trichomonosis in chickens

A

Cancker (yellow, in mouth due to damage to mouth cavity)

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16
Q

Give a clinical sign of Hexamitosis in turkeys

A

Diarrhoea, unthriftiness

Protozoa

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17
Q

Give some digestive tract problems of poultry

A

Sour crop/crop mycosis
Impacted/pendulous crop
Impacted gizzard
Bacterial infections eg E.coli, Campylobacter (spotty liver)
Viral infections eg rotavirus
Nutritional diarrhoea
Nutritional disorders eg fatty liver syndrome

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18
Q

What causes spotty liver in poultry?

A

Campylobacter

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19
Q

Give some clinical signs of Chlamydiosis in poultry

A

Purulent ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dull and depressed, no response to macrolides

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20
Q

Give 2 clinical signs of Aspergillus funigatus in poultry

A

Dyspnoea (gasping), reduced production

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21
Q

Where in the repro tract does an egg spend the longest amount of time?

A

Uterus

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22
Q

Eggs with a fragile shell indicates a problem in which part of the repro tract?

A

Uterus

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23
Q

What temperature should eggs be stored at?

A

10oC

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24
Q

When can candling of eggs be carried out?

Why is it carried out?

A

9-10 days after incubation

To determine the fertility of eggs

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25
What is the body temperature of a chicken?
40-42oC
26
Which 2 ways can you use to sex chicks?
``` Vent appearance Feather appearance (males are more pointed) ```
27
Apex egg abnormalities are caused by what?
Mycoplasma synovale
28
What causes a chicken to become egg-bound?
Lack of available calcium
29
What infection causes misshapen/weak eggs, watery whites, rough shells and cystic/atrophic oviducts?
IBV
30
Which virus causes viral arthritis in poultry?
Reovirus
31
Where are B and T cells produced in chickens?
B: bursa of fabricius T: thymus
32
Which drug do you use to anaesthetise chickens?
Ketamine 10mg/kg for up to 1kg birds, 5mg/kg for up to 2kg birds SC or IM Isofluorane/sevofluorane
33
Why should you raise a chickens head when its being anaesthetised?
To prevent regurgitation of crop contents
34
Which analgesic drugs can you give to chickens?
Buprenorphine Carprofen Ketoprofen Meloxicam
35
How do you euthanise a chicken?
Pentobarbitone IV (wing, jugular) IM (breast muscle) Intracardiac Neck dislocation if under 3kg
36
Why shouldn't you keep chickens and ducks together?
Ducks are pretty resistant to AIV but can give it to chickens/turkeys AIV= avian influenza virus
37
Where do you take blood from a duck?
Medial metatarsal vein
38
Give some neonatal problems affecting ducklings
``` Starving Yolk sac infection/retention/rupture Chilling Leg and wing deformities Infections (E.coli, aspergillus fumigatus) ```
39
Describe angel wing in ducks
Excessive protein intake during rearing causes urates to be deposited in soft joints. Carpal area is last to ossify. Primary feather are last to be produced. The carpal joint deforms with the weight of the blood quills -> primaries point outwards.
40
How do you treat angel wing in ducks?
Reduce protein intake
41
Ricketts is caused by a deficiency in what?
Vitamin D
42
Which 2 kinds of neoplasia do ducks suffer with?
Osteosarcoma | Hepatic tumours
43
Give some reasons for penile prolapse in birds
Venereal disease Trauma Significant cold weather Excessive sexual stimulation
44
What anaesthesia would you give to poultry and waterfowl?
Ketamine (3mg/kg) with medetomidine (150ug/kg) | Reverse with atipamezole
45
Which analgesia can you give to poultry and waterfowl?
Buprenorphine Carprofen Ketoprofen
46
How do you euthanise poultry and waterfowl?
IV pentobarbitone | Neck dislocation if less than 3kg
47
Give some clinical signs of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection in chickens
Coughing, sneezing, reduced weight gain, poor FCR, reduced egg production Airsacculitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia
48
What are the 2 strains of campylobacter that affect chickens?
C.coli | C.jejuni
49
Give some clinical signs of Clostridium enteritis infection in chickens
Depression, ruffled feathers, sudden death, increased mortality Lesions: necrosis of intestinal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic enteritis forming a diphtheritic membrane
50
What causes avian encephalomyelitis in chickens? | Give some clinical signs in broilers and layers
Picornavirus Tremor of head, neck, legs, paralysis, cataract formation Layers: drop in egg production
51
Dyschondroplasia affects which bones of chickens? | What is it influenced by?
Proximal tibiotarsus | Influenced by: genetic selection, feed (Ca:P ratios), acid:base balance in feed, mycotoxins
52
What causes infectious synovitis in chickens?
Mycoplasma
53
Peritonitis in chickens is mostly caused by what?
E.coli
54
How is brachyspira diagonsed in chickens?
Appearance of faeces | Confirm with culture or PCR
55
Describe 'egg drop syndrome' in chickens
Adenovirus Shell quality may be affected (soft, rough or thin-shelled; loss of pigments) Drop in egg production (5-50% decrease) No specific lesions, likely atrophy of ovary/oviduct
56
How does reticuloendotheliosis affect turkeys?
Causes tumours and immunosuppression
57
How do you prevent and treat coccidiosis in turkeys?
Prevent/treat: coccidiostats eg diclazuril, monensin, lasalocid Toltrazuril, sulphonamides, amprolium Treatment: antibiotics eg amoxycillin, tetracyclines, tylosin
58
How do you control Blackhead in turkeys?
``` Control worms (Heterakis, intermediate host) with Flubendazole No specific treatment against Histomonas ```
59
Give the clinical signs of turkey coronavirus
Severe depression with little/no mortality High morbidity Watery scour, 9-11 weeks Some dullness
60
Describe astrovirus in turkeys
``` 5-10 days old Severe typhilitis (inflammation of caeca) -> high culling -> economic losses ```
61
Describe rotavirus in turkeys
2-3 weeks old Enteritis, vent pecking Secondary spironucleosis (protozoa)
62
How does ornithobacterium rhinotracheale affect turkeys?
Mild respiratory disease (more severe in chickens) 12-14 weeks old Lameness due to joint infection
63
Turkey coryza is known by which other name?
Bordetellosis (Bordatella avium)
64
How would you recognise septicaemia in a bird?
Red colouration of body (engorged blood vessels) | Enlarged, red liver
65
How would you diagnose aspergillosis in birds?
Nodules in air sacs
66
Give some clinical signs of Spironucleosis and trichononiasis in game birds
Watery diarrhoea (often yellow and frothy), dehydration, weight loss, depression, lethargy, death
67
How do you treat Spironucleosis and Trichononiasis in game birds?
Antibiotics and electrolytes
68
How do you treat coccidiosis in birds?
Toltrazuril, Amprolium
69
What is the most pathogenic Eimeria spp in birds? | Where does it reside?
E.colchici | Caecum
70
Give some clinical signs of coccidiosis in birds
Dropped wings, weight loss, lethargy, ruffle feathers, death
71
Give some clinical signs of enteritis/dysbacteriosis in game birds What is the treatment?
Scour in growing poults -> dehydration | Tx: antibiotics, acidification of water system, competitive exclusion products, electrolytes
72
What are the 2 primary Mycoplasma species affecting breeders?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum | Mycoplasma synoviae
73
What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma infections in poultry?
Swelling of infraorbital sinuses, ocular and nasal discharges, breathing difficulties, weight loss, death, decreased egg production and hatchability/chick quality, lameness
74
What are the clinical signs of coronavirus in adult and young gamebirds?
Adults: sudden death, urates in kidneys, drop in egg production/hatchability Young birds: swollen kidneys, deposition of urates in visceral organs
75
Give some clinical signs of Newcastle disease in gamebirds
Dullness, depression, diarrhoea, neurological signs, drop in egg production/quality
76
Describe duck virus hepatitis (DVH)
3 antigenically different viruses: Type 1: Picornavirus; death within 1 hour, opisthotonus, 90% mortality Type 2: Astrovirus Type 3: Picornavirus; similar signs to type1 but mortality <30% Adult birds are immune after 7 weeks old (affects birds 2 days to 3 weeks old) Lesions: enlarged liver, petecchial/ecchymotic haemorrhages, fatty kidneys, septicaemic carcass
77
How do you control duck virus hepatitis?
Breeders: live and inactivated vaccines Ducklings: live vaccine
78
Describe duck viral enteritis (DVE)
Herpesvirus Breeders more susceptible (younger birds have maternal antibodies to protect them) Spread through water, oral and faecal routes Virus can remain latent inside host and is expressed when bird is stressed
79
Give the clinical signs of duck virus enteritis
``` Ataxia Ocular discharge, pasty eyelids Nasal discharge Diarrhoea with blood Photophobia Normally good BCS Drop in egg production ```
80
What are the clinical signs of avian influenza?
Small increase in mortality Drop in egg production Decreased feed and water consumption Little subdued
81
Why does aspergillosis cause gasping?
Fungus grows well in airsacs, prevents full expansion | Also causes blockage
82
Describe the difference between chickens and turkeys vs ducks regarding Newcastle disease
Chickens and turkeys: severe clinical signs | Ducks: relatively resistant, no clinical signs in younger birds
83
What are the clinical signs of Riemerella anatipestifer in ducks
Polyserositis (inflammation of serous membranes), exudates and fibrin covering visceral organs and cavity Lymphoid necrosis of white pulp of spleen
84
Which Salmonella strains affect ducks?
S. indiana, S. kedougou
85
Give some clinical signs of Chlamydia infections in ducks
Conjunctivitis, anorexia, ruffled feathers
86
What is Derzy's disease?
Goose Viral Hepatitis (parvovirus)
87
What lesions are seen on PM with Derzy's disease (goose viral hepatitis)?
Fibrinous pseudomembrane on tongue and oral cavity, peri-hepatitis, lung oedema, catarrhal enteritis
88
What are the clinical signs of Derzy's disease (goose viral hepatitis)?
<7 days old: up to 100% mortality within 2-5 days, lethargy, nasal discharge, profuse white diarrhoea, growth retardation, ascites ('penguin-like standing') 2-4 weeks old: mortality up to 10%
89
Give some signs that indicate that a pigeon is healthy
``` Normal droppings Alert Good posture Clear bright eyes Movements are strong and vigorous Skin, plumages, shanks and feet are clean Actively feeding and drinking ```
90
Give some signs of an unhealthy pigeon
Abnormal/watery droppings Evidence of not eating or drinking Not laying eggs/eggs failing to hatch Little or no preening/loss of bloom/ruffled feathers Little/different noise Hunched up, huddled together, pale wattles, sunken eyes Little or no activity, failure to exercise, tail bobbing, dropping wings
91
What is the body temp of a pigeon?
39.8-43.4oC
92
What is the resp rate of a pigeon?
26brpm
93
What is the heart rate of a pigeon?
180-250 bpm
94
What are pigeons vaccinated against?
Paramyxovirus
95
Name a louse species of pigeons
Columbicola columbae (slender pigeon louse)
96
How do you treat louse infestations in pigeons?
Permethin powders, sprays, carbaryl, ivermectin spot-ons
97
Give 4 mites that affect pigeons
``` Depluming itch mite (Knemidocoptes gallinae) Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) Northern Fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) Scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans) ```
98
Give some clinical signs of paramyxovirus in pigeons
Neurological signs: torticolis (head drooping on one side), unable to feed or fly, sudden death in chicks and newly weaned, feathering abnormalities, PU and PD Some recover but with chronic PU
99
What causes canker in pigeons?
Trichomonas (protozoa)
100
How is canker spread in pigeons?
Via crop milk
101
How do you treat canker in pigeons?
Carmidazole, rondidazole, dimetridazole (antiprotozoals)
102
Give some clinical signs of coccidial infection in pigeons
Fluffed up, weak, emaciated, drink a lot, green diarrhoea
103
Give some treatment for coccidial infections in pigeons
Clazuril, sulphonamides, toltrazuril, amprolium
104
When do pigeons lay eggs?
8-10 days post-pairing, another one after 2 days | Breed all year round
105
How long is the incubation period for pigeons?
17-19 days
106
How are pigeon chicks fed?
Fed crop milk for 1-4 days, followed by digested corn
107
When do pigeon chicks fledge?
24 days old
108
What is 'roach back'?
Kyphosis: convex, curved spine
109
Which Salmonella species affect chickens and ducks?
Chickens: S. typhimurium Ducks: S. enteritidae
110
Name the only two notifiable diseases of chickens
Newcastle disease | Avian influenza
111
Name the only notifiable disease of pigeons
Pigeon paramyxovirus
112
How do you diagnose Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in chickens?
Culture, PCR
113
How do you treat and prevent Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in chickens?
ABs: amoxycillin, chlortetracycline, macrolides Vaccine (autogenous) Biosecurity and management improvements
114
How do you diagnose Clostridium enteritis in chickens?
Clinical signs, PM lesions, culture, PCR
115
How do you treat and prevent Clostridium enteritis in chickens?
Antibiotics | Improve biosecurity and management
116
How do you diagnose avian encephalomyelitis in chickens?
Histopathology, PCR
117
How do you treat avian encephalomyelitis in chickens?
No treatment | Prevent with vaccine
118
What causes Ricketts? | Give the clinical signs
Calcium/phosphorus or vitamin D deficiency Rubbery bones Bird is unable to support itself, increased skeletal deformities
119
How do you diagnose Brachyspira infections in poultry?
Culture and PCR | Appearance of faeces (pale brown)
120
How do you prevent and treat Brachyspira infections in poultry?
Organic acid programmes | Macrolides
121
Give some causes of lameness in commercial turkeys
Bacterial arthritis-Staphylococcus, E. coli, Erysipelas, Pasteurella Long bone distortion Osteomyelitis Scoliosis
122
How does Bordatella avium affect turkeys?
URT infection, secondary infections eg E. coli | Dyspnoea, ocular and nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, coughing, sneezing
123
Where do you vaccinate turkeys?
Pectoral muscle
124
What lesions would you see on PM of a duck with duck virus hepatitis (DVH)?
Enlarged liver, petecchial/ecchymotic haemorrhages, fatty kidneys, septicaemic carcasses
125
What lesions would you see on PM of a duck with duck virus enteritis (DVE)?
``` Multiple haemorrhages in tissues Free blood in body cavity Petechial haemorrhages on visceral organs Haemorrhages on oesophageal mucosa Necrotic foci on liver and oesophagus ```
126
What would you see on a PM of a duck with avian influenza?
Aspergillosis Salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes) Airsacculitis Egg peritonitis
127
How does Newcastle disease affect ducks?
Ducks are relatively resistant Major drop in egg production No clinical signs in younger birds
128
What are the 4 major viruses that affect ducks?
Duck viral hepatitis Duck viral enteritis Newcastle disease Avian influenza
129
Give some clinical signs of Aspergillus fumigatus in ducks
Gasping, weight loss, anorexia, death
130
What kind of virus is Avian Influenza virus?
Orthomyxovirus
131
What kind of virus is Newcastle Disease virus?
Paramyxovirus
132
Give some conditions that affect young (2-14 day old) commercial gamebird chicks
Yolk sac infection Septicaemia Starve out (many causes inc. poor feed, chill-effect after hatching) Aspergillosis (gasping, weight loss) Rotavirus (depression, dropped wings, huddling, ruffled feathers)
133
Give some clinical signs of Rotavirus in young (2-14 day old) chicks
Depression, dropped wings, closed eyes, huddling, ruffled feathers, death
134
Give some clinical signs of spironucleosis and trichomoniasis in young poults
Watery diarrhoea (often yellow and frothy), dehydration, weight loss, depression, lethargy, death
135
How do you treat and prevent Eimeria?
Treatment: Toltrazuril (Baycox), Amprolium Prevention: decrease stocking density, in-feed coccidiostat
136
How do you treat and prevent Mycoplasma in breeders?
Prevention: vaccine Treatment: antibiotics, macrolides, fluoroquinalones

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