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(3) PT in Special Conditions > S1L3: Body Changes in Aging and Management Issues > Flashcards

S1L3: Body Changes in Aging and Management Issues Flashcards

1
Q

MUSCLE

The loss of muscle fibers and decrease fiber size in the elderly results in ``

A

loss of force per unit area

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2
Q

MUSCLE

Disproportionate loss of type `` fibers

A

Disproportionate loss of type 2 fibers

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3
Q

T/F

Even if muscle fibers and fiber size decrease as we age, motor units are not affected

A

False

There’s also loss of motor units in aging

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4
Q

attributable to an underlying disease; loss of both muscle and fat mass

A

Cachexia

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5
Q

loss of muscle mass and strength, increase in fat mass, and abdominal girth

A

Sarcopenia

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6
Q

BONE

Insufficient load-bearing results to ``

A

Insufficient load-bearing -> demineralization

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7
Q

T/F

Changes in bone are affected by changes in excretory system, more significant in women after menopause

A

False

Affected by changes in endocrine system, more significant in women after menopause

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8
Q

T/F

In Neurologic, there is a decrease in brain volume, frontal white matter loss, and decreased cerebral blood flow

A

False

Decreased brain volume, frontal grey matter loss, decreased cerebral blood
flow

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9
Q

NEUROLOGIC CHANGES

Lens aging may lead to ``

A

cataracts

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10
Q

AGE-RELATED HEARING LOSS: INTRINSIC VS. EXTRINSIC

  1. Noise exposure
  2. Cochlear aging
  3. Genetics
  4. Ototoxic drugs
A
  1. Extrinsic
  2. Intrinsic
  3. Intrinsic
  4. Extrinsic
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11
Q

NEUROLOGIC CHANGES

Decline in vision due to ``

A

retinal aging

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12
Q

CV

MHR decreases [] bpm / decade after age 25 years

A

6-10

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13
Q

CV

VO2max decreases []% / decade after age 25 years

A

5-15

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14
Q

CV: Decrease or Increase?

  1. Arterial compliance
  2. beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation response
  3. SA node automaticity
  4. SBP
  5. myocytes
A
  1. Decrease
  2. Decrease
  3. Decrease
  4. Increase
  5. Decrease
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15
Q

T/F

CV changes include left ventricular hypotrophy with impaired filling

A

False

Left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired filing

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16
Q

T/F:

Exercise-induced adaptations are not as available to the elderly

A

True

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17
Q

T/F:

In CV changes, there’s a decrease sensitivity to dopamine and impaired vasoconstrictive
responses

A

True

Dopamine, together with norepinephrine and epinephrine, are catecholamine

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18
Q

PULMONARY: Increase or Decrease?

  1. lung compliance
  2. thoracic wall mobility
  3. strength of respiratory muscles
  4. Residual Volume
  5. Functional Residual Capacity
A
  1. increase
  2. decrease
  3. decrease
  4. increase
  5. increase
19
Q

Modified T/F

A. Pulmonary changes include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and V/Q mismatc
B. There’s also a loss of elastic recoil and lung stiffening

A

TT

20
Q

GI

Malnutrition results from decrease in [] and []

A

apetite and energy intake

21
Q

Modified T/F

A. The decrease in smell and taste sensation result to early satiety
B. Decrease gastric compliance results to prolonged postprandial satiety

A

FT

Smell and taste sensation may decrease -> loss of enjoyment from eating

Decreased gastric compliance -> early satiety and prolonged postprandial
satiety

22
Q

GI

decreased production of stomach acid

A

Hypochlorhydria

23
Q

Modified T/F:

A. Hypoclorhydria can lead to bacterial overgrowth in SI
B. It can also lead to impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iodine, zinc, folic acid

A

TF

Impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid

24
Q

GI

Increase in [] and [] suppresses appetite

A

cholecystokinin and leptin

25
Q

Modified T/F

A. Genitourinary changes include increase in renal mass
B. It also include urinary incontinence

A

FT

Decrease in renal mass

26
Q

Modified T/F:

A. Decrease renal blood flow -> increase in glomerular filtration rate
B. Impaired water balance -> water loss

A

FT

Decrease renal blood flow -> decrease in glomerular filtration rate

27
Q

ENDOCRINE: Increase or Decrease

  1. hormone secretion
  2. tissue responsiveness
  3. glucose tolerance
  4. estrogen
A

ALL DECREASE

28
Q

Modified T/F

A. Decrease in estrogen causes impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis resulting to changes in body composition
B. Decrease in testosterine, hGH, and insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) results to collagen loss and thinning of skin

A

FF

A. Decreased testosterone, hGH, insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) ->
impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis -> changes in body composition

B. Decreased estrogen -> collagen loss and thinning of skin

29
Q

T/F

Bone loss results to osteopenia and osteoporosis

A

True

30
Q

Modified T/F:

A. Skin changes are caused by normal aging and environmental factors
B. There is a thickening of epidermis

A

TF

Thinning of epidermis

31
Q

SKIN: Increase or decrease

  1. cell replacement
  2. immune response
  3. wound healing
  4. moisture content
  5. Elasticity
  6. risk of skin disorders and injury
  7. blood supply
  8. sensory sensitivity
A

ALL DECREASE except for #6

32
Q

Modified T/F:

A. Reaction to drugs is always the same as in younger age groups
B. Adverse effects more frequent and may be more severe

A

FT

Reaction to drugs not always the same as in younger age groups

33
Q

Modified T/F:

A. Decreased total body water results decreased volume of distribution of
water-soluble drugs
B. Decrease adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble drugs -> prolonged biologic half-life

A

TF

Increased adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble
drugs

34
Q

Modified T/F

A. Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to 50%
B. Renal clearance decreased up to 30%

A

FF

➢ Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to 30%
➢ Renal clearance decreased up to 50%

35
Q

T/F

Changes in gait are affected by vision, cognition, motor control, balance, peripheral sensation,
strength, joint health, and metabolic demands

A

True

36
Q

predictor of survival, possibly a biomarker of health status in older
adults

A

Gait speed

37
Q

GAIT: Increase or decrease

  1. Base of support
  2. Stride length
  3. double limb support
  4. speed
A
  1. increase (broader BOS)
  2. decrease (shorter SL)
  3. increase
  4. decrease
38
Q

Modified T/F

A. Gait speed of 0.8 m/sec relatively good function
B. 1.0 m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex

A

FF

➢ 1.0 m/sec relatively good function
➢ 0.8 m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex

39
Q

Modified T/F

A. Moderate-intensity aerobic activity is enough to result in noticeably increased heart rate and breathing
B. Done for at least 30 mins 5 days a week

A

TT

40
Q

Modified T/F

A. For resistance training (calisthenics, weight training), at least 10 to 15 reps that trains the major muscle groups, 2 or 3 consecutive days each week

B. For balance exercise, at least 4 times a week

A

FF

Resistance training: one set of 10 to 15 repetitions of an exercise that trains major muscle groups on 2 or 3 nonconsecutive days each week

Balance: 3 times a week

41
Q

Modfieid T/F:

A. Flexbility: at least 10 minutes of stretching major muscle and tendon groups at least 2 days each week
B.10 to 30 seconds of static stretches and three to five repetitions for each stretch.
C. Ideally performed every day that balance exercise is performed

A

TFF

B.10 to 30 seconds of static stretches and three to four repetitions for each stretch.

C. Ideally performed every day that aerobic and resistance training is performed

42
Q

Global average life expectancy at 60 years:

A

20 years

43
Q
  1. old geriatric population
  2. oldest old
  3. nonagenarian

a. >90
b. 65-75
c. >85

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A

(3) PT in Special Conditions (40 decks)

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