S1L3: Body Changes in Aging and Management Issues

Question 1

MUSCLE

The loss of muscle fibers and decrease fiber size in the elderly results in ``

Answer 1

loss of force per unit area

Question 2

MUSCLE

Disproportionate loss of type `` fibers

Answer 2

Disproportionate loss of type 2 fibers

Question 3

T/F

Even if muscle fibers and fiber size decrease as we age, motor units are not affected

Answer 3

False

There’s also loss of motor units in aging

Question 4

attributable to an underlying disease; loss of both muscle and fat mass

Answer 4

Cachexia

Question 5

loss of muscle mass and strength, increase in fat mass, and abdominal girth

Answer 5

Sarcopenia

Question 6

BONE

Insufficient load-bearing results to ``

Answer 6

Insufficient load-bearing -> demineralization

Question 7

T/F

Changes in bone are affected by changes in excretory system, more significant in women after menopause

Answer 7

False

Affected by changes in endocrine system, more significant in women after menopause

Question 8

T/F

In Neurologic, there is a decrease in brain volume, frontal white matter loss, and decreased cerebral blood flow

Answer 8

False

Decreased brain volume, frontal grey matter loss, decreased cerebral blood
flow

Question 9

NEUROLOGIC CHANGES

Lens aging may lead to ``

Answer 9

cataracts

Question 10

AGE-RELATED HEARING LOSS: INTRINSIC VS. EXTRINSIC

1. Noise exposure
2. Cochlear aging
3. Genetics
4. Ototoxic drugs

Answer 10

1. Extrinsic
2. Intrinsic
3. Intrinsic
4. Extrinsic

Question 11

NEUROLOGIC CHANGES

Decline in vision due to ``

Answer 11

retinal aging

Question 12

CV

MHR decreases [] bpm / decade after age 25 years

Answer 12

6-10

Question 13

CV

VO2max decreases []% / decade after age 25 years

Answer 13

5-15

Question 14

CV: Decrease or Increase?

1. Arterial compliance
2. beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation response
3. SA node automaticity
4. SBP
5. myocytes

Answer 14

1. Decrease
2. Decrease
3. Decrease
4. Increase
5. Decrease

Question 15

T/F

CV changes include left ventricular hypotrophy with impaired filling

Answer 15

False

Left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired filing

Question 16

T/F:

Exercise-induced adaptations are not as available to the elderly

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T/F:

In CV changes, there’s a decrease sensitivity to dopamine and impaired vasoconstrictive
responses

Answer 17

True

Dopamine, together with norepinephrine and epinephrine, are catecholamine

Question 18

PULMONARY: Increase or Decrease?

1. lung compliance
2. thoracic wall mobility
3. strength of respiratory muscles
4. Residual Volume
5. Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 18

1. increase
2. decrease
3. decrease
4. increase
5. increase

Question 19

Modified T/F

A. Pulmonary changes include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and V/Q mismatc
B. There’s also a loss of elastic recoil and lung stiffening

Answer 19

TT

Question 20

GI

Malnutrition results from decrease in [] and []

Answer 20

apetite and energy intake

Question 21

Modified T/F

A. The decrease in smell and taste sensation result to early satiety
B. Decrease gastric compliance results to prolonged postprandial satiety

Answer 21

FT

Smell and taste sensation may decrease -> loss of enjoyment from eating

Decreased gastric compliance -> early satiety and prolonged postprandial
satiety

Question 22

GI

decreased production of stomach acid

Answer 22

Hypochlorhydria

Question 23

Modified T/F:

A. Hypoclorhydria can lead to bacterial overgrowth in SI
B. It can also lead to impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iodine, zinc, folic acid

Answer 23

TF

Impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid

Question 24

GI

Increase in [] and [] suppresses appetite

Answer 24

cholecystokinin and leptin

Question 25

# Modified T/F A. Genitourinary changes include increase in renal mass B. It also include urinary incontinence

Answer 25

FT ## Footnote Decrease in renal mass

Question 26

# Modified T/F: A. Decrease renal blood flow -> increase in glomerular filtration rate B. Impaired water balance -> water loss

Answer 26

FT ## Footnote Decrease renal blood flow -> decrease in glomerular filtration rate

Question 27

# ENDOCRINE: Increase or Decrease 1. hormone secretion 2. tissue responsiveness 3. glucose tolerance 4. estrogen

Answer 27

ALL DECREASE

Question 28

# Modified T/F A. Decrease in estrogen causes impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis resulting to changes in body composition B. Decrease in testosterine, hGH, and insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) results to collagen loss and thinning of skin

Answer 28

FF ## Footnote A. Decreased testosterone, hGH, insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) -> impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis -> changes in body composition B. Decreased estrogen -> collagen loss and thinning of skin

Question 29

# T/F Bone loss results to osteopenia and osteoporosis

Answer 29

True

Question 30

# Modified T/F: A. Skin changes are caused by normal aging and environmental factors B. There is a thickening of epidermis

Answer 30

TF ## Footnote Thinning of epidermis

Question 31

# SKIN: Increase or decrease 1. cell replacement 2. immune response 3. wound healing 4. moisture content 5. Elasticity 6. risk of skin disorders and injury 7. blood supply 8. sensory sensitivity

Answer 31

ALL DECREASE except for #6

Question 32

# Modified T/F: A. Reaction to drugs is always the same as in younger age groups B. Adverse effects more frequent and may be more severe

Answer 32

FT ## Footnote Reaction to drugs not always the same as in younger age groups

Question 33

# Modified T/F: A. Decreased total body water results decreased volume of distribution of water-soluble drugs B. Decrease adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble drugs -> prolonged biologic half-life

Answer 33

TF ## Footnote **Increased** adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble drugs

Question 34

# Modified T/F A. Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to 50% B. Renal clearance decreased up to 30%

Answer 34

FF ## Footnote ➢ Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to **30%** ➢ Renal clearance decreased up to **50%**

Question 35

# T/F Changes in gait are affected by vision, cognition, motor control, balance, peripheral sensation, strength, joint health, and metabolic demands

Answer 35

True

Question 36

predictor of survival, possibly a biomarker of health status in older adults

Answer 36

Gait speed

Question 37

# GAIT: Increase or decrease 1. Base of support 2. Stride length 3. double limb support 4. speed

Answer 37

1. increase (broader BOS) 2. decrease (shorter SL) 3. increase 4. decrease

Question 38

# Modified T/F A. Gait speed of 0.8 m/sec relatively good function B. 1.0 m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex

Answer 38

FF ## Footnote ➢ **1.0** m/sec relatively good function ➢ **0.8** m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex

Question 39

# Modified T/F A. Moderate-intensity aerobic activity is enough to result in noticeably increased heart rate and breathing B. Done for at least 30 mins 5 days a week

Answer 39

TT

Question 40

# Modified T/F A. For resistance training (calisthenics, weight training), at least 10 to 15 reps that trains the major muscle groups, 2 or 3 consecutive days each week B. For balance exercise, at least 4 times a week

Answer 40

FF ## Footnote Resistance training: **one set of 10 to 15 repetitions** of an exercise that trains **major muscle groups** on **2 or 3 nonconsecutive days each week** Balance: **3 times a week**

Question 41

# Modfieid T/F: A. Flexbility: at least 10 minutes of stretching major muscle and tendon groups at least 2 days each week B.10 to 30 seconds of static stretches and three to five repetitions for each stretch. C. Ideally performed every day that balance exercise is performed

Answer 41

TFF ## Footnote B.**10 to 30 seconds of static stretches** and **three to four repetitions** for each stretch. C. Ideally performed every day that **aerobic and resistance training** is performed

Question 42

Global average life expectancy at 60 years:

Answer 42

20 years

Question 43

1. old geriatric population 2. oldest old 3. nonagenarian a. >90 b. 65-75 c. >85

Answer 43

1. B 2. C 3. A