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PATHO I > TERMS > Flashcards

TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

consequence of complete obstruction of airway

▪ Resorption of oxygen in dependent acini
▪ Diminished lung volume
▪ Mediastinum shifts toward collapsed lung

A

Resorption Atelectasis

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2
Q

results when pleural cavity is partially or completely filled w/ fluid, exudate, blood, or air

▪ Mediastinum shirts away from collapsed lung

A

Compression Atelectasis

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3
Q

results from local/generalized fibrotic changes that prevent expansion

A

Contraction Atelectasis

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4
Q

leakage of excessive interstitial fluid which accumulates in the alveolar space.

hemodynamic

microvascular injury

A

Pulmonary Edema

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5
Q

spectrum of bilateral pulmonary damage to endothelium or epithelium of lungs

“Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema” or “diffuse alveolar damage”

A

Acute Lung Injury

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6
Q

type of acute lung injury

anything that could make the lungs not work, like shock, inhalation of oxygen, diffuse pulmonary infection

Diffuse damage to alveolar capillaries and epithelium

▪ Free radicals
▪ Neutrophil aggregation
▪ Macrophage activation
▪ Surfactant loss

A

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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7
Q

sustained pulmonary a. systolic pressure > 25mmHg

decrease in the cross-sectional area of pulmonary vasculature
▪ usually secondary to disease due to COPD, interstitial lung disease
▪ congenital/acquired heart disease
▪ recurrent thromboemboli

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

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8
Q

abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls distal to terminal bronchioles, very common affecting more males, due to smoking, dyspnea, barrel chest, cough, prolonged expiration, hyperresonant lungs, decrease FEV1, normal FVC (decrease FEV/FVC ration)

name this type:

uniform enlargement of all alveoli associated w/ a α1-antitrypsin deficiency

this enzyme is the primary inhibitor of elastase secreted by neutrophils

A

Emphysema

Panacinar Emphysema

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9
Q

persistent cough w/ sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive yrs

middle aged men, smoking, goblet cells, persistent cough, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, cyanosis, cor pulonale, dyspnea on exertion

A

Chronic Bronchitis

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10
Q

chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of airways

Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction, chronic bronchial inflammation w/ eosinophils, bronchial SM cell hypertrophy, and hyperreactivity and increased mucus secretion in bronchi

curshmann’s spirals
charcot leyden crystals
asthma attack
status asthmaticus

A

Asthma

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11
Q

chronic, necrotizing infection of bronchi and bronchioles leading to abnormal permanent dilation of these airways with inflammatory destruction

A

Bronchiectasis

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12
Q

name this pulmonary infections

inflammatory reaction in the alveoli and interstitium caused by infectious agent

A

pneumonia

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13
Q

name this type of pneumonia?

patchy exudative consolidation of lung parenchyma

• Occurs in infancy and old people

A

Bronchopneumonia

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14
Q

name this type of pneumonia?

involves entire lobe or large portion of lung (not common)

A

Lobar Pneumonia

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15
Q

name this type of pneumonia?

patchy or lobar w/o consolidation

  • Involves interstitial pneumonitis and hyaline membranes
  • Secondary bacterial infection → Influenza (‘most common’)
A

Mycoplasmal/Viral Pneumonia

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16
Q

name this type of pneumonia?

localized suppurative necrosis caused by:

aspiration of infective material, antecedent bacterial infection, septic emboli, obstructive tumor, post traumatic penetrations of the lung

A

pulmonary abscess

17
Q

a disorder in ineffective epithelial transport affecting fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining

Autosomal Recessive
complications due to secondary obstruction and infection

A

Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)

18
Q

name this restrictive pulmonary disease

multisystem disease of unknown cause characterized by noncaseating granulomas

lymphadenopathy or lung involvement (in 90% of cases)

A

Sarcoidosis

19
Q

name this restrictive pulmonary disease

restrictive lung disease caused by thickening of alveolar interstitium, aka
interstitial pneumonia or cryptogenic fibrosing
alveolitis

Fibroblastic Foci
Honeycomb Fibrosis
Honeycomb appearance w/
coarse reticular pattern

decreased VC, TLC

A

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

20
Q

name this restrictive pulmonary disease

often has pulmonary involvement
• CVD’s include Lupus, RA, Sclerosis, and Dermatomyositis-polymyositis
• Pulmonary involvement is associated w/ a poor prognosis

A

Collagen Vascular Disease

21
Q

name this pulmonary tumor

lung cancer, common, affects more males, leading cause of cancer death in women, 90-95% of primary lung tumors due to smoking, occupation, air pollution

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

22
Q

name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

occur in larger and more central bronchi

▪ Disseminate outside the thorax later than other types so it spreads locally, but metastasizes much later

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

23
Q

name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

▪ Occur more peripherally
▪ More common in women and nonsmokers
▪ Involves acinar, papillary, mucinous, and solid elements
▪ Grow slowly but metastasize at an early stage
–Treatment (surgery) is hard bc you have to catch
it at an early stage
▪ Associated w/ scarring
▪ Preneoplastic Precursor Lesions:

Atypical Adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)
Adenocarcinoma in situ (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma)

A

Adenocarcinoma

24
Q

name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Pale gray, centrally located masses; small cells w/ scantycytoplasm

▪ Grow quick and metastasize early
• Extend into lung parenchyma w/ early involvement of hilar and mediastinal nodes
▪ Can be spindled or polygonal, nuclear molding
▪ Seen under electron microscopy

A

Small-Cell Carcinoma

25
Q

name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumor

large nuclei
squamous cell or adenocarcinoma that are undifferentiated

A

Large-Cell Carcinoma

26
Q

name this pulmonary tumor

neuroendocrine tumor, main stem bronchi, intermittent attacks of diarrhea, flushing, and cyanosis, spherical pale mass

A

Bronchial Carcinoid

27
Q

name this pulmonary tumor

lung is a frequent spot for metastasis; spread via blood, lymphatics, or contiguous

Numerous metastases to lung from renal cell
carcinoma

A

Metastatic Carcinoma

28
Q

what are the inflammatory pleural effusions?

A

serous
purulent
hemorrhagic

29
Q

what are the non inflammatory pleural effusions?

A

Hydrothorax
Hemothorax
Chylothorax

30
Q

what is this Inflammatory Pleural Effusions

serofibrinous, and fibrinous pleuritic
▪ Have an inflammatory basis
▪ Differ in intensity and duration
▪ Most common causes involve infection/inflammation of the underlying pulmonary
parenchyma
A

Serous

31
Q

what is this Inflammatory Pleural Effusions?

pleural exudate (empyema)
▪ Usually results from bacterial or mycotic seeding of the pleural space
• Frequently due to contiguous spread from an infection of the pulmonary
parenchyma
• Occasionally through lymphatic or Hematogenous dissemination
▪ Usually large volumes of pus
▪ Tends to organize into dense adhesions, which frequently obliterate the pleural space

A

Purulent

32
Q

Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it

▪ Collection of serous fluid in the pleural cavity
▪ Most common cause is cardiac failure

A

hydrothorax

33
Q

Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it

▪ Collection of blood in the pleural fluid
▪ Typically caused by vascular trauma or rupture of aortic aneurysm

A

hemothorax

34
Q

Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it

▪ An accumulation of milky fluid, usually from lymphatics
▪ Contains finely emulsified fats
▪ Most often caused by thoracic duct trauma or obstruction

A

chylothorax

PATHO I (205 decks)

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