Test 4: Social Psychology

Question 1

Agression

Answer 1

behavior whose purpose is to harm another.

Question 2

Premeditated Agression

Answer 2

is when people consciously decide to use aggression to achieve their goals. (violent or not (computer hackers))

Question 3

Impulsive Agression

Answer 3

• is when people aggress spontaneously without premeditation.
• More about unpleasant internal states than scarce resources
• Temperature example

Question 4

Frustration-Agression Principle

Answer 4

people aggress when their goals are thwarted.

Question 5

____differences exist in types of aggressive behavior.

Answer 5

Gender

Question 6

Cooperation

Answer 6

• behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.
• the prisoner’s dilemma game.

Question 7

Altruism

Answer 7

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself.

Question 8

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 8

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 9

Genuine Altruism

Answer 9

heroism

Question 10

Group

Answer 10

a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common.

Question 11

Prejudice

Answer 11

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on his or her group membership.

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

positive or negative behavior toward another person based on his or her group membership.

Question 13

Deidividuation

Answer 13

immersion in group causes people to become less aware of their individual values. Become somewhat anonymous

Question 14

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 14

feel diminished responsibility for actions because others are acting the same way OR because you assume others will act.

Question 15

Social Loafing

Answer 15

is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

Question 16

Bystander Effect

Answer 16

is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present.

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

tendency to conform to group

Question 18

Group Think

Answer 18

extreme form of conformity that occurs in close groups. Members think alike and suppress all doubts and dissent.

Question 19

More ___ for women to make “reproductive mistake”

Answer 19

costly; because:

-Fewer eggs, 9 months pregnant, risk life to have child

Question 20

Situational Factors: Mere-exposure Effect

Answer 20

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.

Question 21

Physical Factors: Appearance

Answer 21

Attractive people have more friends, more dates, more fun, earn 10% money, better social skills
Mothers of attractive babies are more affectionate and playful
Universal standards of beauty: related to good genes and good parental tendencies

Question 22

Psychological Factors

Answer 22

personality, beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities
We tend to marry people with similar levels of education, religious backgrounds, ethnicities, SES, personalities. WHY?
Easier to get along with someone who sees the world the way you do
When you share beliefs, you feel more confident these beliefs are correct

Question 23

Human infants are born ___ they are fully developed and thus need committed caretakers, unlike many other animals.

Answer 23

before

-Nurturing often requires more than one parent can provide.

Question 24

Passionate Love

Answer 24

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction. Diminishes in a few months.

Question 25

Companionate Love

Answer 25

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being. No necessary decline.

Question 26

Research shows that faces are considered especially beautiful when their features approximate the ____ of the human population.

Answer 26

average

Question 27

Social Influence

Answer 27

the control of one person’s behavior by another.

Question 28

Hedonic Principle

Answer 28

creating situations in which others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do. Parents, teachers, government, businesses offer rewards and threaten punishment

Question 29

Observational Learning

Answer 29

learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished. -Examples: public hangings, Bobo the Clown, mothers who smile/frown at snakes

Question 30

Approval Motive

Answer 30

having others like us, accept us, and approve of us.

Question 31

Social Norms

Answer 31

a customary standard for behavior that is shared by members of a culture. Conventions of everyday life that make interactions with others predictable and orderly. -Examples: laws, conventions of behavior (elevator, greetings)

Question 32

Social Roles

Answer 32

- positions that are regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave - Gender roles, occupational roles, family roles

Question 33

Norm of Reciprocity

Answer 33

- help those who help you | - Examples: “I’ll pay next time.”; Higher tips when server gives candy with bill.

Question 34

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 34

example of Norm of Reciprocity | -asking a lot, then making a concession which the other person feels obligated to make a concession also

Question 35

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 35

not example of Norm of Reciprocity but another form of persuasion. -The petition/yard sign example

Question 36

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 36

Unpleasant feelings when recognize inconsistencies in our actions, attitudes, and beliefs.

Question 37

Obedience

Answer 37

the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it. - Milgram’s Obedience Studies. - Stanford Prison Studies.

Question 38

Milgram's Obedience Studies

Answer 38

Thing with teacher shocking the learner because the whitecoat told them to

Question 39

Obedience is a function of situation NOT...

Answer 39

personality

Question 40

Stanford Prison Studies

Answer 40

college students were randomly assigned to the roles of prisoners and guards

Question 41

Why do People Obey?

Answer 41

Compliance is generally good for society Most people obey because: Obvious consequences if disobey -Suspended from school, jail, fines Gain something if obey -Liked by others, promoted, learn from authorities knowledge Deeply convinced of authorities legitimacy -Want respect from authority and value relationship, trust

Question 42

Allocate Responsibility to Authority

Answer 42

It is his fault/problem. I’m just following orders | Abu Ghraib prison

Question 43

Routinizing the task

Answer 43

When you define actions in terms of routine duties, roles, and tasks, it starts to feel normal. Just another job to be done. Busy work distracts from ethical questions Nazis and Khmer Rouge kept meticulous records of every victim

Question 44

Deeply convinced of authorities legitimacy

Answer 44

Good manners are important; Don’t want to rock the boat, doubt the expert, be rude, be wrong, be shunned by authority figure you respect

Question 45

Become entrapped

Answer 45

Entrapment: individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment in it Train interrogators to use torture

Question 46

Attitude

Answer 46

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a person, group, idea, object, event, or activity.

Question 47

Persuasion

Answer 47

occurs when person’s attitudes and beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

Question 48

Heuristic Persuasion

Answer 48

appeal to habit or emotion to persuade someone to believe something. Heuristics: shortcuts, rule of thumb

Question 49

Validity Effect

Answer 49

tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times.

Question 50

Scare Tactics

Answer 50

- least effective way to get people to change their minds | - Scared people become defensive & hopeless

Question 51

Coercive Persuasion

Answer 51

designed to suppress individual’s ability to reason, think critically, and make choices in his/her own best interest. Examples: “cults”

Question 52

Key Processes of Coercive Persuasion

Answer 52

Person is put under physical or emotional stress. Person’s problems are reduced to one simple explanation which is repeatedly emphasized. Leader offers unconditional love/acceptance/attention. New identity is created. Person is subjected to entrapment. Person’s access to information is controlled.