Flashcards in Test 2: Learning Deck (54)
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1
learning
an experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
2
Behaviorism measures only...
observable, quantifiable behavior (no reference to our mind).
3
Classical Conditioning
when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
4
Classical conditioning consists of what four components?
unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR)
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Conditioned response
A reaction that resembles an UR, but is produced by a CS
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Unconditioned stimulus
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
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Conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
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Unconditioned response
A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an US
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What is the CS and CR for drug users?
CS= place, people
CR= neurotransmitters that protect the brain from drugs
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Extinction
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response that occurs when the CS is no longer paired with the US.
-Never present food after the bell
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Higher order conditioning
a neutral stimulus becomes a CS when paired with an already established CS
-Light -> bell -> food -> salivation.
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Stimulus generalization (CC)
when a stimulus that resembles the CS also elicits the CR
-Salivate to one bell, will salivate to any bell sound
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Stimulus Discrimination (CC)
the tendency to respond differently to > 2 stimuli
-Middle C on piano evokes CR, but not middle C on guitar
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Acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
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Spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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Watson
(1878-1958) Entire array of rich human emotions and behavior can be accounted for by conditioning principles
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Learning to like
CC plays role in our emotional response to object, people, places, events, symbols
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Learning to fear
learn to fear almost anything if paired with something associated with pain, embarrassment
-PHOBIAS
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The Case of Little Albert
In Watson’s experiment, Little Albert (9months) associated a frightening loud noise (US) with a white rat (CS) to elicit fear (CR).
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Classical conditioning only occurs when...
an animal has learned to set up an expectation
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Conditioning is easier when the CS is...
an unfamiliar event than if a familiar one (no pre-existing expectations)
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Food aversions
Biological readiness/preparedness to associate sickness with taste more than sights or sounds
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Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future.
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Law of effect
behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
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Neutral consequence
neither increases nor decreases the probability that something will occur
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Reinforcer
strengthens a behavior or makes it more likely to occur.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement.
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Punisher
weakens behavior or makes it less likely to occur.
positive punishment
negative punishment.
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Primary reinforcer
inherently reinforcing, satisfy physiological needs.
Food, water, stroking of skin
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Primary punisher
pain, extreme heat/cold
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Secondary reinforcer
learned; associated with primary reinforcers through CC.
Money, good grades
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Secondary punishers
fines, bad grades
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Overjustification effect
circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
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Positive reinforcement
Increases likelihood of behavior, stimulus presented
-Getting a pizza party for earning a good grade on an exam.
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Negative reinforcement
Increases likelihood of behavior, stimulus removed
-Don’t have to make your bed in the morning if you get an A.
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Positive punishment
Decreases likelihood of behavior, stimulus presented
-Having to do more weekly chores for getting caught stealing money.
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Negative punishment
Decreases likelihood of behavior, stimulus removed
-Having your car privileges taken away for disobeying a curfew
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Stimulus generalization (operant)
a behavior that has been reinforced/punished in presence of one stimulus, will/will not occur in the presence of other similar stimuli
-Pigeon reinforced for pecking circles, will also peck at ovals
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Stimulus discrimination (operant)
behavior will/will not occur in presence of stimuli that differ from initial reinforced/punished stimuli
-Pigeon only reinforced for circle, will not peck at square
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Discriminative stimulus
is one that is associated with reinforcement.
-If the light is on, the pigeon will be reinforced when he pecks on the circle
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Schedule of reinforcement
when/how an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior.
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Interval schedule
time intervals
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Ratio schedule
ratio/number of responses
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Fixed interval schedule (FI)
reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
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Variable interval schedule (VI)
reinforcements are based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.
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Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
reinforcements are presented after a specific number of responses have been made.
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Variable ratio schedule (VR)
reinforcements are based on a particular average number of responses.
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Intermittent reinforcement
only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.
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Continuous reinforcement:
all responses are reinforced
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FI
For every 10 minutes you sit still at the doctor’s office, you get a lollipop.
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VI
A car dealership gives away keys to a brand new car every hour (at any time in the hour).
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FR
After every 10 pizzas you buy, you get one free.
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VR
A casino jackpot machine hits on average every 100th player.
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Observational Learning
learning takes place by watching the actions of others.
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