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BIO 233 > Week 10 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 10 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important that the scrotum is outside the body?

A

Temperature regulation for the sperm

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2
Q

What is the pathway for pre-birth descent for the scrotum?

A

through the inguinal canal

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3
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testes → sterility

easy to get surgically

In Greek it means = hidden flowers

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4
Q

Orchid in Greek?

A

testicles

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5
Q

What is the surgery called that corrects cryptochordism?

A

Orchiopexy

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6
Q

What muscle raises and lowers the testes

A

Cremaster muscle

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7
Q

What muscle expands or contracts to wrinkle the scrotal skin and adjusts surface area for heat loss

A

Dartos muscle

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8
Q

What structure is in the scrotum,
- continuous with ductus deferens
- final sperm development & storage

A

Epididymis

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9
Q

What structure enters the abdomen,
- stores sperm & propels to urethra upon ejaculation

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

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10
Q

The glandular structure that joins with the ductus deferens to for the ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicle

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11
Q

What surrounds the urethra, is inside, ejaculatory ducts join & then join the urethra?

A

Prostrate gland

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12
Q

The sperm pathway from seminiferous tubules of testes -

Ducts & Pathways

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus (vas) deferens
  3. Seminal Vesicles
  4. Prostrate gland
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13
Q

What kind of cells produce testosterone?

A

interstitial cells

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14
Q

What are the accessory glands?
And in order

A
  1. Seminal vesicles - 60% of volume
  2. Prostrate Gland - 33% of volume
  3. Bulbourethral Gland
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15
Q

What accessory gland has alkaline components & fructose, yellow pigment visible with UV light?

A

Seminal Vesicles

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16
Q

What accessory gland has a milky substance, alkaline secretion, and enzymes that activate sperm?

A

Prostrate gland

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17
Q

What accessory gland has alkaline mucus and provide lubrication during intercourse?

A

Bulbourethral

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18
Q

What stimulates reverse peristalsis (inwards) in the uterus to propel sperm that is contained in the semen?

A

prostaglandins

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19
Q

The semen contains chemicals that do what to the immune response of the female system?

A

suppresses (inhibits) immune response of the female system

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20
Q

What in the semen causes coagulation of the semen to stick to the walls of the vagina?

A

clotting factors

Spiderman web shooters

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21
Q

Which reflex is responsible for the erection?

A

parasympathetic reflex

(calm)

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22
Q

Erection fills with blood due to_____

A

nitric oxide that stimulates the relaxing of the smooth muscle to get more blood flow

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23
Q

Erection:

What retards outflow & maintains engorgement?
(more blood maintaining)

A

Corpora cavernosa

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24
Q

Erection:

What keeps the urethra open?
(less blood flow to bottom zone)

A

Corpus spongiosum

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25
Q

What reflex is responsible for ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic Reflex

F/F

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26
Q

Semen secretion via smooth muscle contraction

A

Ejaculation

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27
Q

What undergoes rapid contractions propelling semen close to 11 mph?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

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28
Q

What is considered fertility problems?

A

<20 million sperm / 3 ml

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29
Q

What is the inability to have or maintain an erection?

A

impotence

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30
Q

What are some possible causes of impotence?

A
  1. stress - negative impact - SNS regulation - no arousal
  2. SNS - heart health - NS health - mental health
  3. Diet - health, sleep, emotional health
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31
Q

Males:

Secretion controlled by hormones via…

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

Males:

Releasing factors from the hypothalamus…

A
  1. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
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33
Q

Males:

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release what two hormones?

A

FSH & LH

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34
Q

Males:

Where do FSH and LH travel to?

A

to the Reproductive organs
Helps facilitate spermatogenesis

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34
Q

Testicle interstitial cells produce…

A

Testosterone

–> sperm development and maturation

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35
Q

Ovaries –

Multiple ovarian follicles in various stages of development

A

Cortex

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36
Q

How many ova produced for 30-40 years?

A

After sexual maturation (puberty) –
One ova produced ~ 28 days for 30-40 years

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36
Q

What holds the ovary in place?

A

Ovarian ligament

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37
Q

Different names for the Fallopian tubes

A

Uterine Tubes
Fallopian tubes
Oviducts

38
Q

What is a funnel-like shape of uterine tube and acts like a catcher-s mitt that allows for the ovulated egg to go into the fallopian tube?

A

Infundibulum & fimbriae

39
Q

What is the role of cilia in ovulation and where is it located?

A
  1. Cilia is located in the uterine tube
  2. Cilia does the wave - creating negative pressure - suction - so when the egg os ovulated from the ovary - it is going to tend to be pulled into the oviduct.
  3. Once egg travels - it goes through the oviduct with the goal for it to implant in the uterine lining
40
Q

Where is the most common location of fertilization?

A

in the oviduct (fallopian tubes)

41
Q

Implantation that occurs outside the uterus is called?

A

ectopic pregnancy

Catcher’s mitt did not catch the egg

42
Q

What is PID

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

43
Q

Name the layers from outside to inside for the Uterus.

A
  1. Perimetrium - Outermost
  2. Myometrium - Middle layer
  3. Endometrium - innermost layer
44
Q

What layer of the uterus turns over monthly?

A

Endometrium

45
Q

Vagina - what kind of secretion retards (controls) bacterial growth?

A

acid secretion

46
Q

What is farthest from the opening of the vagina?

A

fundus

47
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

What hormones for females affect the fluid and electrolyte balance in interstitial fluid?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

49
Q

Another name for ADH?

A

AVP - Arginine Vasopressin

50
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal
51
Q

What phase of the ovarian cycle where there is
1. ⬆ FSH stimulates follicle growth & increases estrogen
2. Estrogen causes primary oocyte to fully develop
3. High estrogen stimulates LH release

A

Phase I - Follicular phase of the Ovarian Cycle

52
Q

What stimulates follicle growth?

A

FSH

53
Q

What stimulates LH release?

A

estrogen

54
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

⬆LH – stimulates ovulation & bursting of the follicle

55
Q

What day is ovulation?

A

Day 14

56
Q

What phase of the ovarian cycle is where LH stimulates ovulation and bursting of the follicle?

A

Phase II - Ovulation

57
Q

When the follicle bursts - what structure does it create?

A

corpus luteum (CL)

58
Q

Corpus Luteum remains until when?

A

Remains if zygote forms

degenerates in 10 days otherwise

59
Q

What does Corpus Luteum produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

which also inhibits further ovulation

60
Q

What inhibits further ovulation?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

61
Q

Birth control mimics high hormones to stop ovulation. What structure does it mimic?

A

Corpus Luteum

62
Q

Three phases of the Uterine Cycle

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
63
Q

What phase of the uterine cycle is:

  1. the first day of cycle (5-days)
  2. blood, endometrial tissue, fluid & mucus
  3. follicles are growing
A

Menstrual phase

64
Q

What phase of the uterine cycle is:

  1. End of menstruation (8 days)
  2. Estrogen stimulates endometrial growth
  3. Ovulation at day 14
A

Proliferative phase

65
Q

What phase of the uterine cycle is:

  1. Estrogen & progesterone produced
  2. Stimulates endometrial growth & vascularization
  3. ~ 10 days
A

Secretory Phase

66
Q

Diploid =

A

46 total chromosomes

2 sets of 23 pairs

67
Q

Haploid =

A

after meiosis = haploid
1 set of 23 chromosomes

68
Q

Meiosis allows the production of:

A

egg or sperm

69
Q

Daughter cells of…

A

mitosis

exact replicas

2n

70
Q

End Goal of Mitosis & Meiosis =

A

2n vs n

Meiosis I = separates homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II = separate sister chromatids

71
Q

Meiosis I did not go well –

A

Non-Disjunction Errors

Trisomy = 3 copies of that particular chromosome

Monosomy = 1 copy of that particular chromosome

72
Q

Which of the Trisomy’s live birth are fatal?

A

Patau syndrome (13)
Edwards syndrome (18)

73
Q

Which of Trisomy’s live births can live…

A

Down Syndrome (21)
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

KS - lady with lots of issues - web neck etc

74
Q

Monosomy - syndrome

A

Fatal if involving somatic chromosomes

Turner’s Syndrome - XO

Tall – some patterns of female on male

75
Q
  1. Puberty to death
  2. Modification of army required
  3. Head = enzymes for penetration
  4. Midpiece = mitochondria
  5. Tail = propulsion
A

Spermatogenesis

76
Q
  1. Born with a set number, ovulate 1/month
  2. Polar Bodies = all eggs one basket
  3. Completion only at fertilization
  4. Menopause
A

Oogenesis

77
Q

What is secreted by cells that become the placenta?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

78
Q

What maintains corpus luteum & hormones?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

79
Q

Home pregnancy uses this to determine pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

80
Q

When is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced?

A

at the point of fertilization

81
Q

What fights polyspermy?

A

Cortical reaction

82
Q

What does sperm bind to and cause Ca2+ to rise in sperm & ova cytoplasm (from ER)

A

Receptors

83
Q

Cortical granule exocytosis →

A

hardens zona pellucida 7 removes receptors (zonal inhibiting proteins ZIPs)

84
Q
  1. Changes in ovary start 40-50 years
  2. No response of follicle to FSH & LH
  3. Follicles stop producing estrogen so ovulation stops
  4. Without corpus luteum, progesterone does not get produced
A

menopause

85
Q

Impacts of _______

  1. Excess FSH & LH may cause symptoms because estrogen - negative feedback slowing GnRH @ hypothalamus
A

Menopause

86
Q

Disease:

  1. Extra-uterine endometrial tissue in abdominal cavity that responds to hormones
  2. Blood accumulates at site & causes pain & discomfort
A

Endometriosis

female

87
Q

Disease:

  1. Bacterial Infection & scsarring
  2. Scarring can cause sterility
A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

PID - female

88
Q

Disease:

  1. Common in cervix, uterus, & breast
  2. May be benign or malignant
A

Tumors

female

89
Q

Disease:

  1. Inflammation of prostrate, compresses urethra
A

Prostatitis

male

90
Q

Disease:

  1. most common solid tumor found in males age 15-34
  2. May be as common as 1/250 men
A

Testicular Cancer

males

91
Q

Disease:

  1. Protrusion of abdominal cavity through inguinal canal
  2. Lifetime risk 27% men, 3% or women
A

Inguinal Hernia

males mainly

92
Q

Phenotype will -

A

show

93
Q

Genotype will -

A

show and possess

94
Q

Genes code for

A

code for a particular piece of information

does not specify what form

95
Q

Allele codes for

A

Specific form of trait

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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