Week 10 - Study Guide Flashcards

(97 cards)

1
Q

Why is it important that the scrotum is outside the body?

A

Temperature regulation for the sperm

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2
Q

What is the pathway for pre-birth descent for the scrotum?

A

through the inguinal canal

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3
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testes → sterility

easy to get surgically

In Greek it means = hidden flowers

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4
Q

Orchid in Greek?

A

testicles

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5
Q

What is the surgery called that corrects cryptochordism?

A

Orchiopexy

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6
Q

What muscle raises and lowers the testes

A

Cremaster muscle

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7
Q

What muscle expands or contracts to wrinkle the scrotal skin and adjusts surface area for heat loss

A

Dartos muscle

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8
Q

What structure is in the scrotum,
- continuous with ductus deferens
- final sperm development & storage

A

Epididymis

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9
Q

What structure enters the abdomen,
- stores sperm & propels to urethra upon ejaculation

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

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10
Q

The glandular structure that joins with the ductus deferens to for the ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicle

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11
Q

What surrounds the urethra, is inside, ejaculatory ducts join & then join the urethra?

A

Prostrate gland

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12
Q

The sperm pathway from seminiferous tubules of testes -

Ducts & Pathways

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus (vas) deferens
  3. Seminal Vesicles
  4. Prostrate gland
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13
Q

What kind of cells produce testosterone?

A

interstitial cells

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14
Q

What are the accessory glands?
And in order

A
  1. Seminal vesicles - 60% of volume
  2. Prostrate Gland - 33% of volume
  3. Bulbourethral Gland
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15
Q

What accessory gland has alkaline components & fructose, yellow pigment visible with UV light?

A

Seminal Vesicles

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16
Q

What accessory gland has a milky substance, alkaline secretion, and enzymes that activate sperm?

A

Prostrate gland

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17
Q

What accessory gland has alkaline mucus and provide lubrication during intercourse?

A

Bulbourethral

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18
Q

What stimulates reverse peristalsis (inwards) in the uterus to propel sperm that is contained in the semen?

A

prostaglandins

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19
Q

The semen contains chemicals that do what to the immune response of the female system?

A

suppresses (inhibits) immune response of the female system

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20
Q

What in the semen causes coagulation of the semen to stick to the walls of the vagina?

A

clotting factors

Spiderman web shooters

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21
Q

Which reflex is responsible for the erection?

A

parasympathetic reflex

(calm)

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22
Q

Erection fills with blood due to_____

A

nitric oxide that stimulates the relaxing of the smooth muscle to get more blood flow

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23
Q

Erection:

What retards outflow & maintains engorgement?
(more blood maintaining)

A

Corpora cavernosa

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24
Q

Erection:

What keeps the urethra open?
(less blood flow to bottom zone)

A

Corpus spongiosum

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25
What reflex is responsible for ejaculation?
Sympathetic Reflex F/F
26
Semen secretion via smooth muscle contraction
Ejaculation
27
What undergoes rapid contractions propelling semen close to 11 mph?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
28
What is considered fertility problems?
<20 million sperm / 3 ml
29
What is the inability to have or maintain an erection?
impotence
30
What are some possible causes of impotence?
1. stress - negative impact - SNS regulation - no arousal 2. SNS - heart health - NS health - mental health 3. Diet - health, sleep, emotional health
31
Males: Secretion controlled by hormones via...
Hypothalamus
32
Males: Releasing factors from the hypothalamus...
1. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
33
Males: GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release what two hormones?
FSH & LH
34
Males: Where do FSH and LH travel to?
to the Reproductive organs Helps facilitate spermatogenesis
34
Testicle interstitial cells produce...
Testosterone --> sperm development and maturation
35
Ovaries -- Multiple ovarian follicles in various stages of development
Cortex
36
How many ova produced for 30-40 years?
After sexual maturation (puberty) -- One ova produced ~ 28 days for 30-40 years
36
What holds the ovary in place?
Ovarian ligament
37
Different names for the Fallopian tubes
Uterine Tubes Fallopian tubes Oviducts
38
What is a funnel-like shape of uterine tube and acts like a catcher-s mitt that allows for the ovulated egg to go into the fallopian tube?
Infundibulum & fimbriae
39
What is the role of cilia in ovulation and where is it located?
1. Cilia is located in the uterine tube 2. Cilia does the wave - creating negative pressure - suction - so when the egg os ovulated from the ovary - it is going to tend to be pulled into the oviduct. 3. Once egg travels - it goes through the oviduct with the goal for it to implant in the uterine lining
40
Where is the most common location of fertilization?
in the oviduct (fallopian tubes)
41
Implantation that occurs outside the uterus is called?
ectopic pregnancy Catcher's mitt did not catch the egg
42
What is PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
43
Name the layers from outside to inside for the Uterus.
1. Perimetrium - Outermost 2. Myometrium - Middle layer 3. Endometrium - innermost layer
44
What layer of the uterus turns over monthly?
Endometrium
45
Vagina - what kind of secretion retards (controls) bacterial growth?
acid secretion
46
What is farthest from the opening of the vagina?
fundus
47
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
48
What hormones for females affect the fluid and electrolyte balance in interstitial fluid?
Estrogen & progesterone
49
Another name for ADH?
AVP - Arginine Vasopressin
50
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
1. Follicular 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal
51
What phase of the ovarian cycle where there is 1. ⬆ FSH stimulates follicle growth & increases estrogen 2. Estrogen causes primary oocyte to fully develop 3. High estrogen stimulates LH release
Phase I - Follicular phase of the Ovarian Cycle
52
What stimulates follicle growth?
FSH
53
What stimulates LH release?
estrogen
54
What stimulates ovulation?
⬆LH -- stimulates ovulation & bursting of the follicle
55
What day is ovulation?
Day 14
56
What phase of the ovarian cycle is where LH stimulates ovulation and bursting of the follicle?
Phase II - Ovulation
57
When the follicle bursts - what structure does it create?
corpus luteum (CL)
58
Corpus Luteum remains until when?
Remains if zygote forms degenerates in 10 days otherwise
59
What does Corpus Luteum produce?
Estrogen and progesterone which also inhibits further ovulation
60
What inhibits further ovulation?
Estrogen & progesterone
61
Birth control mimics high hormones to stop ovulation. What structure does it mimic?
Corpus Luteum
62
Three phases of the Uterine Cycle
1. Menstrual phase 2. Proliferative phase 3. Secretory phase
63
What phase of the uterine cycle is: 1. the first day of cycle (5-days) 2. blood, endometrial tissue, fluid & mucus 3. follicles are growing
Menstrual phase
64
What phase of the uterine cycle is: 1. End of menstruation (8 days) 2. Estrogen stimulates endometrial growth 3. Ovulation at day 14
Proliferative phase
65
What phase of the uterine cycle is: 1. Estrogen & progesterone produced 2. Stimulates endometrial growth & vascularization 3. ~ 10 days
Secretory Phase
66
Diploid =
46 total chromosomes 2 sets of 23 pairs
67
Haploid =
after meiosis = haploid 1 set of 23 chromosomes
68
Meiosis allows the production of:
egg or sperm
69
Daughter cells of...
mitosis exact replicas 2n
70
End Goal of Mitosis & Meiosis =
2n vs n Meiosis I = separates homologous chromosomes Meiosis II = separate sister chromatids
71
Meiosis I did not go well --
Non-Disjunction Errors Trisomy = 3 copies of that particular chromosome Monosomy = 1 copy of that particular chromosome
72
Which of the Trisomy's live birth are fatal?
Patau syndrome (13) Edwards syndrome (18)
73
Which of Trisomy's live births can live...
Down Syndrome (21) Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) KS - lady with lots of issues - web neck etc
74
Monosomy - syndrome
Fatal if involving somatic chromosomes Turner's Syndrome - XO Tall -- some patterns of female on male
75
1. Puberty to death 2. Modification of army required 3. Head = enzymes for penetration 4. Midpiece = mitochondria 5. Tail = propulsion
Spermatogenesis
76
1. Born with a set number, ovulate 1/month 2. Polar Bodies = all eggs one basket 3. Completion only at fertilization 4. Menopause
Oogenesis
77
What is secreted by cells that become the placenta?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
78
What maintains corpus luteum & hormones?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
79
Home pregnancy uses this to determine pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
80
When is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced?
at the point of fertilization
81
What fights polyspermy?
Cortical reaction
82
What does sperm bind to and cause Ca2+ to rise in sperm & ova cytoplasm (from ER)
Receptors
83
Cortical granule exocytosis →
hardens zona pellucida 7 removes receptors (zonal inhibiting proteins ZIPs)
84
1. Changes in ovary start 40-50 years 2. No response of follicle to FSH & LH 3. Follicles stop producing estrogen so ovulation stops 4. Without corpus luteum, progesterone does not get produced
menopause
85
Impacts of _______ 1. Excess FSH & LH may cause symptoms because estrogen - negative feedback slowing GnRH @ hypothalamus
Menopause
86
Disease: 1. Extra-uterine endometrial tissue in abdominal cavity that responds to hormones 2. Blood accumulates at site & causes pain & discomfort
Endometriosis female
87
Disease: 1. Bacterial Infection & scsarring 2. Scarring can cause sterility
Pelvic inflammatory disease PID - female
88
Disease: 1. Common in cervix, uterus, & breast 2. May be benign or malignant
Tumors female
89
Disease: 1. Inflammation of prostrate, compresses urethra
Prostatitis male
90
Disease: 1. most common solid tumor found in males age 15-34 2. May be as common as 1/250 men
Testicular Cancer males
91
Disease: 1. Protrusion of abdominal cavity through inguinal canal 2. Lifetime risk 27% men, 3% or women
Inguinal Hernia males mainly
92
Phenotype will -
show
93
Genotype will -
show and possess
94
Genes code for
code for a particular piece of information does not specify what form
95
Allele codes for
Specific form of trait