Week 6 - Review

Question 1

Electrolytes:

Two forming bones and teeth

Answer 1

calcium and phosphate

Question 2

Electrolytes:

Three involved in nerve transmission

Answer 2

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium

Question 3

Electrolytes:

Pumped out of RBCs in exchange with bicarbonate

Answer 3

Chloride

Question 4

Electrolytes:

Maintains blood and ECF volume

Answer 4

Sodium or Chloride

Question 5

Electrolytes:

Two cation cofactors

Answer 5

Calcium & magnesium

Question 6

Electrolytes:

Major buffer for blood pH

Answer 6

Bicarbonate

Question 7

Electrolytes:

Three involved in muscle contraction

Answer 7

sodium, potassium, calcium

Question 8

Electrolytes:

The non-hydrogen component of the acid of our stomach

Answer 8

chloride

Question 9

Electrolytes:

Important component of ATP and genetic material

Answer 9

Phosphate

Question 10

Electrolytes:

Two electrolytes that exist in ionized & protein-bound from

Answer 10

Ca2+ & Mg2+

Question 11

Electrolytes:

Electrolyte can shift out of cells during acidosis for (H+)

Answer 11

K+

Question 12

Electrolytes:

Electrolyte important in blood clotting

Answer 12

Ca2+

Question 13

Electrolytes:

Electrolyte important for maintaining cell volume

Answer 13

K+

Question 14

What is the largest body fluid compartment?

Answer 14

Intracellular

Question 15

What results from excess NaCl intake?

Answer 15

redistribution of body water towards solutes

Question 16

Why do electrolytes have greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes?

Answer 16

Salts dissociate into their ions:

1 NaCL ➡ Na+ & Cl-

Having bigger impact on osmotic pressure

Question 17

During severe dehydration why would consuming plain water be dangerous?

Answer 17

Loss of water & electrolytes has already occurred.
Intake of plain water would dilute body solutes even more throwing off electrolyte balance

Question 18

What process maintains common intra & extracellular [electrolyte]?

Answer 18

Na+/K+ pump

Question 19

What hormone regulates the above electrolytes?

Answer 19

Aldosterone

Question 20

Can be stimulated to release by chemicals arising at the kidney

Answer 20

Renin

Question 21

Can be released if K+ is too high

Answer 21

Aldosterone = mineral corticoid ➡Na & K controller

Question 22

Can be initiated by chemical release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney

Answer 22

Renin

Question 23

Results in dilution of the plasma solute concentration

Answer 23

ADH

(not aldosterone)

Question 24

Can be released if blood volume and pressure are too low

Answer 24

Renin

Question 25

During alkalosis, cells can shift K+ and H+. What direction do the ions move & what results?

Answer 25

1. H+ shifts out of the cells 2. K+ shifts in to correct alkalosis 3. But hypokalemia results

Question 26

If you are dehydrated &. then rehydrate too quickly with water, what happens at the fluid electrolyte level?

Answer 26

1. Dilution of Na+ 2. Hypotonic hydration and slowing down of cells

Question 27

What happens if the parathyroid gland is over or underproductive?

Answer 27

1. High PTH = excess Ca2+ & hyperpolarization 2. Low PTH = little Ca2+ & depolarization

Question 28

What electrolyte imbalances could occur in hyper or hypoaldosteronism?

Answer 28

Hyperaldosteronism = ⬆Na+ ⬇K+ Hypoaldosteronism = ⬇Na+ ⬆K+

Question 29

ECF K+ is normally low & is maintained by daily dietary intake. What would major GI distress do to this balance? (vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pump)

Answer 29

Loss of K+ in ECF Hypokalemia & Hyperpolarization

Question 30

Alnumin can bind minerals (Ca) or (H+) but not both. In acidosis or alkalosis what should be stimulated & what will result?

Answer 30

Acidosis = (H+) binds and calcium unbinds. Hypercalcemia leads to hyperpolarization Alkalosis = (H+) unbinds and calcium binds. Hypocalcemia leads to depolarization

Question 31

Which is more excitable and depressive. Acidosis vs Alkalosis

Answer 31

Acidosis = more depressive Alkalosis = more excitable

Question 32

Does this condition have: CNS vasodilation or constriction? Depression or hyperexcitability? Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 32

Vasodilation in brain & edema Depression due to edema (even though hyperkalemia occurs), LOC or coma

Question 33

Does this condition have: CNS vasodilation or constriction? Depression or hyperexcitability? Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 33

Vasoconstriction in CNS & low BF Hyperexcitability = due to H+ unbinding from albumin & Ca2+ bindng Hypocalcemia = Hyperexcitability

Question 34

Does this condition have: CNS vasodilation or constriction? Depression or hyperexcitability? Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 34

Hyperkalemmia & GI distress...but Depression in CNS as H+ binds to albumin & hypercalcemia results and depression

Question 35

Does this condition have: CNS vasodilation or constriction? Depression or hyperexcitability? Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 35

Hypokalemia is depressive, but... Hypocalcemia caused H+ release from albumin and calcium binding Hyperexcitability