Week 8 - Study Guide Flashcards
Digestive System
1
Q
Where does CHO digestion begin?
A
Oral cavity
Lipase - breaks down lipids in saliva
2
Q
Where is the majority of protein digestion?
A
stomach
3
Q
What functions as endocrine and exocrine?
A
pancreas
4
Q
WHAT PRODUCES BILE?
A
liver
5
Q
Where is bile stored?
A
in gallbladder
6
Q
Where is everything digested and aborbed?
A
small intestine
CHO, lipid, protein
7
Q
Basic processes of the GI (alimentary canal)
A
- ingestion
- movement (skeletal muscle)
- mechanical digestion (muscles contracting and propels)
- chemical digestion (enzymes, pH regulators)
- absorption (in small intestine mostly, some in large intestine)
- defecation
8
Q
How long is GI tract
A
30 feet
9
Q
What are the 4 tissue layers of the GI tract?
A
- Tunica mucosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica serosa
10
Q
Characteristics & function of the tunica mucosa
A
- inner most layer
- Protects and absorbs
- epithelium & connective tissue
11
Q
Characteristics & function of the tunica submucosa
A
- Dense CT - provides strength holding tube together
- Binds tube together
12
Q
Characteristics & function of the tunica muscularis
A
- double layer
- inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal (propels) muscle
- skeletal muscle in mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, & anal sphincter
- smooth muscle - everywhere else
13
Q
Characteristics & function of the tunica serosa
A
- outside of the tube
- CT
- single layer of epithelium → visceral peritoneum
14
Q
Put the tunicas in order from innermost to outside layers
A
- tunica mucosa
- tunica submucosa
- tunica muscularis
- tunica serosa
15
Q
If you add a strong acid (HCL) to a solution, which of the following molecules would make an effective buffer for this acid?
- NaH2PO4
- H2CO3
- NH2-protein-COO-
- NH3+-protein-COOH
A
- NH2-protein-COO-
16
Q
What makes an acid or base strong?
A
Tendency to dissociate fully and therefore change pH substantially
17
Q
What does a buffer contain to balance a strong base, or a strong acid?
A
Weak acid or base to bind or release the appropriate substance
18
Q
What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?
A
Peritoneum
19
Q
What are the two categories of the peritoneum?
A
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
20
Q
Which layer of the peritoneum is on the digestive organs surface?
A
Visceral peritoneum
21
Q
Which layer of the peritoneum is lining the abdominal wall (exterior surface)
A
Parietal peritoneum
22
Q
What is the space that is in between the two peritoneum layers?
A
Peritoneal Cavity
23
Q
What is the job of the peritoneal cavity?
A
The fluid lubricates the mobile organs allowing movement without friction damage
24
Q
What is the double layer of folded peritoneum that wraps around the intestines?
A
Mesentry
25
What routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?
Mesentry
26
What holds organs in place and stores fat?
Mesentry
27
Can the mesentry move or change its organization?
yes - some flexibility
full bladder or not,
preganacy
tight clothes
28
What forms the greater curvature of the stomach?
Greater Omentum
29
What forms the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Lesser Omentum
30
What hangs over the intestines and is not attached?
Greater omentum
31
Which omentum connects stomach up to the bottom of the liver?
lesser omentum
32
What is the biological function of the omentums?
1. Fat storage
(long-term storage for metabolism)
(moves fat through the digestion vis lymphatic system)
2. Immune regulation
(milky spots are clusters of immune cells important for defense)
33
What are the immune regulations that the omentums perform?
1. Adheres to the site of inflammation
2. Absorbs bacteria & contaminants
3. Provides leukocytes for immune response
34
Oral Cavity - opens to:
oropharynx through fauces:
1. nasopharynx - at the top
2. oropharynx - back of oral cavity
3. laryngopharynx - as heads down towards larynx region
35
Composition of the oral cavity includes:
1. HCO3-
2. Salivary amylase
3. lingual lipase (initiates)
4. Mucin - mucus, lysozyme & defensins fight bacteria, IgA antibodies
36
Another name for chewing
Mastication
37
Teeth that are for the ages (6-24 months)
deciduous teeth (20)
38
Teeth that come in from ages 6-17 years
permanent teeth (32)
39
Characteristics and differences of the Deciduous teeth
1. Thinner enamel (appears whiter)
2. More uniform enamel depth
3. Dentin layer is thinner
4. Pulp layer is thicker
40
Mechanical break down of food and act of swallowing turns food into
bolus
41
Another name for gums
gingiva
42
What is the exposed, hard surface of the tooth called
Crown
43
What is the crown made of
enamel
44
What part of the tooth is embedded in the jaw bone?
root
45
Protein-rich bonelike material = bulk of tooth, more flexible than enamel
Dentin
46
Part of the tooth that contains blood vessels, CT, nerves
Pulp
47
What nerve serves the teeth
Trigeminal nerve
48
What have a Synarthrotic joint and is fibrous
Gomphoses
49
What is the acidic bacterial secretions that etch enamel or dentin?
Caries
50
What is inflammation & degeneration of gingivae & may extend to the resorption of bone?
Periodontal disease
51
What is the pathway for food to the stomach?
esophagus
52
What is the swallowing of a bolus?
deglutition
53
What moves the bolus to the stomach?
Peristolasis
smooth muscle waves
54
What is another name for the gastroesophageal sphincter?
cardiac
region where it is located
55
What is the name of the sphincter that makes sure that the stomach contents do not come back up into the esophagus?
Gastroesophageal sphincter
(Cardiac)
56
If you have a dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter what can happen?
heartburn or acid reflux
57
How is GI smooth muscle contraction similar to skeletal muscle?
1. Actin & Myosin (sliding filament model)
2. Trigger for contraction is Ca2+ influx
3. ATP energizes the sliding process
58
How is GI smooth muscle contraction different than skeletal muscle?
1. Ca2+ is bound by calmodulin (CaM)
2. Calmodulin interacts with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) which phosphorylates myosin
59
Relaxation of the GI muscles includes:
1. Ca2+ unbinds CaM
2. Ca2+ transports to SR & ECF
3. Dephosphorylation of myosin
60
Esophagus connects to the stomach --
Cardiac orifice → pyloric sphincter
Beginning of stomach —> end of stomach
61
What is the dome-shaped top of the stomach?
Fundus
62
Which omentum is superior?
Lesser omentum (curvature)
63
Which omentum is inferior?
Greater omentum (curvature)
hangs down over the intestines
64
What are the folds of the stomach lining that flatten when filling (distended)?
Rugae
65
How much is the max amount the stomach can hold?
one gallon. (4L)
66
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Deglutition
swallowing popcorn that formed into a bolus
67
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Pyloric sphincter
end of stomach
68
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Peristalsis
smooth wave contraction moving bolus
69
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Salivary amylase
Enzyme that initiates digestion of CHO and lipids
70
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Gomphoses
socket joint for teeth
71
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Cardiac sphincter
where popcorn leaves esophagus and meets the stomach
The beginning of the stomach
(gastroesophageal sphincter)
72
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Bolus
Popcorn being chewed
73
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Rugae
Will begin to stretch out when popcorn (BOLUS) begin to fill the stomach
74
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Enamel
Hard tough chewing surface for mastication
75
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Lingual lipase
Initiates enymes
76
Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:
Mastication
Chewing of the popcorn
77
Mucosa - gastric glands have 4 types of cells:
1. mucous cells
2. parietal cells
3. zymogenic (chief) cells
4. enteroendocrine cells (gut-endocrine)
78
What produces the mucus that aids in protective layer and makes sure the acidic pH. of the stomach does not damage our sensitive tissue cells?
Mucous cells
79
What produces the ingredients needed for other aspects of digestion and are up high on the outside?
Parietal cells
80
What two things do the parietal cells produce?
1. Intrinsic factor (protein)
2. HCl
81
What protein is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor
82
Which cells have the biggest impact on pH?
Parietal cells
83
What do parietal cells make that activates enzymes?
HCL
Parietal
HCL
pH
Lowers pH in stomach allowing specific enzyme to take action
84
What vitamin can we NOT live without?
B12
85
Which cells secrete pepsinogen?
zymogenic (chief) cells
86
What is a precursor molecule to pepsin and lipase?
pepsinogen
87
What acid interacts with pepsinogen and converts it to pepsin?
HCl
88
What breaks down protein?
pepsin
89
Enteroendocrine cells release hormone-substance -
Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
90
What increases HCl secretion from parietal cells and stimulates muscle contraction and gastric emptying?
gastrin
91
90% of ulcers are due to:
H. Pylori
which is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer
92
What are the two controls of gastric secretions?
Neural
Hormonal
93
Where is neural referring to
in your head
94
What phase where thinking, seeing, hearing, smelling, or tasting food initiates gastric secretions?
External Stimuli
Cephalic Phase
95
What is the phase called where your stomach is readying for digestion?
Cephalic phase
Pavlov's dog
96
What nerve initiates gastric secretions?
Vagus Nerve
97
Where is hormonal control of gastric secretions?
Local control
98
What is the phase referred to that is under hormonal control?
Internal Stimuli
Gastric phase
99
What stimulates the gastric glands?
Gastrin
100
What does gastrin do?
relaxes pyloric sphincter & increases stomach motility → emptying
allows the small intestine to keep up
do not want a loss of nutrient absorption if stomach emptying is too fast
101
Which has a larger diameter, stomach or small intestine?
stomach
102
When chyme has reached the duodenum - this phase is called
Intestinal phase
103
What is the enterogastric reflex?
tightens the pyloric sphincter & delays the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine
104
Secretin is responsible for
pH balance
105
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release
HCO3-
106
What increases the pancreatic enzyme secretion?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
= digestive process
107
What loosens the hepatopancreatic sphincter for flow into the duodenum?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
108
What are the intestinal phase hormones?
1. Secretin
2. CCK
3. VIP
109
What hormone in the intestinal phase increases blood flow through the intestinal capillaries?
VIP
110
What is VIP all about?
Absorption
111
What is CCK all about?
digestive process
112
What is secretin all about?
pH balance
113
The order of the GI structures:
1. Pharynx
2. Esophagus
3. Gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac)
4. Stomach
5. Pyloric sphincter
6. Duodenum
7. Jejunum
8. Ileum
9. Cecum
10. Appendix
11. Ascending colon
12. Transverse colon
13. Descending colon
14. Sigmoid colon
15. Rectum
16. Anus
114
Which sphincter is at the beginning of the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
115
Which sphincter is in between the small and large intestine?
ileocecal valve
116
What are the three subsections of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum (1st foot)
2. Jejunum (8 feet)
3. ileum (12 feet)
117
What is the unsung sphincter in the intestines?
ileocecal valve
118
What are the three small intestine modifications?
1. villi
2. intestinal glands
3. microvilli
119
What increases mucosal surface area of the small intestine?
villi
larger folds
120
What pits in mucosa between villi and produces intestinal juices?
Intestinal glands
121
What cells are deep in the intestinal glands and produce defensins and lysozyme that kill bacteria?
Paneth cells
122
Where are Paneth cells located?
small intestine
123
What two antimicrobial agents (chemicals) do paneth cells produce?
defensins & lysozyme
124
Which contain proteases & disaccharides in the membrane of the small intestine?
microvilli
125
What comes from the intestinal crypts of the small intestines?
intestinal juice
which is mostly isotonic fluid with mucus and some lysozyme
126
What is Pancreatic juices =
enzymes and NaHCO3-
127
What 4 items are part of the pancreatic juices?
1. Amylase (CHO)
2. Lipase (fats)
3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (proteins) - inactive form and become active once arrive in the intestines
4. Bile - emulsifies
128
What are the accessory organs?
1. Liver
2. Gallbladder
3. Pancreas
4. Salivary glands
129
What does not have any direct contact with ingested material?
Accessory organs
130
What organ that has the greatest internal surface area?
Liver
131
The liver receives blood from two sources:
1. Hepatic artery
2. Hepatic-portal vein
132
How does the blood exit from the liver?
through the hepatic vein
133
What blood does the hepatic artery deliver?
oxygenated blood from the aorta
134
What blood does the hepatic-portal vein deliver?
venous blood from the digestive system
135
Compartments in the liver are called
lobules
136
What cells line the liver and help screen blood?
hepatocytes
137
What two fx of liver
Detoxifies
stores (nutrients or toxins - including glucose
138
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
139
What duct from the gallbladder joins the hepatic duct forming the common bile duct?
cystic duct
140
Back up in the gallbladder means you get
jaundice
141
What color is bilirubin
Yellow
142
Bile consists of
1. pigments (bilirubin from heme groups on RBCs being broken down)
2. Salts
143
Bacteria metabolize bilirubin to →
urobilinogen that causes the feces to be brown
144
Without bile...feces would be
1. gray-white in color
2. contain undigested fat
145
Liver actions
1. production of heparin and plasma proteins
2. Storage
3. Breakdown of nitrogenous wastes and alcohol by using alcohol dehydrogenase
146
What role does the liver play in NFP?
Albumin production
Albumin is the driving force of osmotic pressure
147
Since liver produces bile, why do we need lipase?
Bile is the emulsifier - does not break up fats - just puts them in smaller globules
Lipase - digestion of the fats
148
Why would hemolytic anemia lead to jaundice?
1. Breakdown of RBCs is happening too fast
2. Puts stress on the liver
3. There is a build-up of pigmentation in the soft tissues
149
The pancreas is a gland that has three functions:
1. endocrine function into the bloodstream
2. exocrine function in the small intestine
3. pancreatic secretion
150
What of the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon?
islets of Langerhans
Balances out the blood glucose
151
What tissue of the exocrine function of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that help balance out pH (enzymes and NaHCO3).
Acinar tissue
152
What of the pancreas is regulated by secretin, CCK, and VIP?
Pancreatic secretion
153
What does secretin do in the pancreas?
Increases pancreatic HCO3- and bile
154
What does CCK do in the pancreas?
Increases pancreatic [enzyme]
stimulates to release the pancreatic enzyme
155
What does VIP do in the pancreas?
It increases blood flow and pancreatic action
blood supply to help absorption
156
What three things slow the emptying of the stomach by slowing the motility?
1. Secretin
2. CCK
3. VIP
Tightens up the pyloric sphincter - so nutrients do not leave the stomach to quickly
157
How long is the large intestine?
1.5 meters
158
What are the three sections of the large intestine?
1. cecum
2. colon
3. rectum
159
What is the entryway into the large intestine?
cecum
160
What prevents the bacteria from breaching the wall of the large intestine and generates memory lymphocytes?
Cecum
161
What attaches to the cecum and is all about bacteria refuge and MALT immunity?
appendix
162
What are the 4 regions of the colon?
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon (s-shaped)
163
What sphincter is in between the ileum and cecum?
ileocecal valve
164
The rectum has two sphincters:
1. Internal sphincter
2. External sphincter
165
Which rectum sphincter is under voluntary control?
external sphincter
166
Which rectum sphincter is under involuntary control via spinal reflex arc?
internal sphincter
167
What is the reflex that begins with the movement of feces into sigmoidal colon and rectum?
Defecation Reflex
168
What manuever aids in defecation?
Valsalva's maneuver
Pressure - don't strain - caution at the gym
169
