Week 10 - Review

Question 1

Which phase of cell respiration costs 2 ATP to begin? (select all that apply)
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain

Answer 1

A. Glycolysis

Question 2

What substances are produced during the cell respiration phase that occurs in the cytoplasm?

Answer 2

2 NET ATP

NADH (coenzymes)

2 Pyruvate/glucose

Question 3

How are coenzymes altered when they participate in reactions of the Krebs cycle & Glycolysis?

Answer 3

NAD+ 🡪 NADH

& They pick up H+ & e-

FAD+ 🡪 FADH2

Question 4

Where does carbon dioxide get produced in cell respiration?

Answer 4

Krebs Cycle

Question 5

What step of cell respiration produces the maximum number of ATP molecules?

Answer 5

Electron Transport Chain

Question 6

An H+ concentration gradient is essential in the function of the ATP synthase. Where does the energy come from to produce this gradient?

Answer 6

Coenzymes, NADH &
FADH2, donate their
e- to the chain & release
energy in small amounts

Question 7

In anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid is formed. This process does not yield ATP itself, so why is this beneficial?

Answer 7

Converting pyruvate to
lactic acid regenerates the
coenzyme NAD+ so that
glycolysis can continue…

Question 8

What is the difference between basal & total metabolic rate?

Answer 8

BMR = total energy required to keep body alive but only essential functions

TMR = energy required to do all ongoing activity

Question 9

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 9

Failure of testes to descend into scrotum

Surgically correctable = Orchiopexy

Question 10

What is the pathway of sperm & ejaculate contribution through the reproductive tract?

Answer 10

From seminiferous tubules in testes…

Epididymis 🡪 Vas Deferens 🡪 Seminal vesicle (ejaculatory duct) 🡪 prostate gland…

Urethra

Question 11

Which male gland produces the largest contribution to ejaculate?

Answer 11

Seminal vesicle = 60%

Then prostate gland = 33%

Then bulbourethral…

Question 12

If a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus what do you call this?

Answer 12

Ectopic pregnancy

Literally means

Out of place…

Fallopian tube
Cervix
Abdomen

Question 13

Name the 3 layers of the uterus from outer to innermost.

Answer 13

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

Question 14

Name 3 differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis.

Answer 14

Spermatogenesis
- Begins at puberty
- Requires further specialization
- Produces 4 gametes/meiosis cycle

Oogenesis

- Initiates before birth & continues @ puberty, but doesn’t complete w/out fertilization

 - 3 polar bodies & 1 ovum

Question 15

The end goal of meiosis I & meiosis II can be summarized as…

Answer 15

Meiosis I
- Separate homologous
chromosomes

Meiosis II
- Separate sister chromatids

Question 16

One example of a non-disjunction error where individuals can live into adulthood is…

Answer 16

Trisomy 21

Down Syndrome

Question 17

What hormone is secreted by cells that eventually become the placenta & is measured via antibodies in home pregnancy tests?

Answer 17

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HCG

Tests can detect pregnancy as early as 14 days after ovulation. hCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum @ end of the normal menstrual cycle…

Question 18

Symptoms associated with menopause may be related to higher than normal levels of these 2 hormones…

Answer 18

FSH & LH are high due to

Lack of negative feedback which normally occurs in the cycle…

Question 19

What is the difference between a gene & an allele?

Answer 19

Gene – codes for a type of trait

Allele – is the specific form of that trait

Question 20

Sex-linked recessive traits show different patterns of inheritance in males & females for what reason?

Answer 20

Genotypes for females…

XaXa, XAXA, XAXa

Females have 3 possible inheritance patterns & only 1/3 shows recessive traits…
___________________________________
Genotypes for males…

XaY, XAY

Males only have 1 X…

Cannot be carriers, & ½ inheritance patterns shows recessive traits…

Question 21

Which phases refer to those that occur in the uterus? – SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Answer 21

D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Question 22

The hormone that causes the spike in luteinizing hormone?

A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Testosterone
E) Human chorionic gonadotropin
F) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 22

B) Estrogen

Question 23

The corpus luteum is active during which phase?

A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Answer 23

C) Luteal Phase

Question 24

Which phase is stimulated by increasing follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen levels?

A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Answer 24

A) Follicular Phase

Question 25

The TWO hormones that the corpus luteum secretes.

A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Testosterone
E) Human chorionic gonadotropin
F) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 25

B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone

Question 26

Which phase is stimulated by a sharp spike in luteinizing hormone?

A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Answer 26

B) Ovulation Phase

Question 27

The phase when the primary oocyte will begin to fully develop in the ovary.

A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase

Answer 27

A) Follicular Phase