Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 233 > Week 7 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 7 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Ions in Intracellular
(inside of cells)

A

Intracellular

K+ ⬆
HPO4 (anion)
Proteins (anionic)
Mg2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ions in Interstitial Fluid
(in between the cells and plasma)

A

Interstitial

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ions in the plasma
(fluid component of the blood)

A

Plasma

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Proteins – (albumin - buffering at bloodstream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sodium

A

Function:
1. Maintaining Blood Volume
2. Regulating ECF volume
3. Distribution

(Na+) is high in ECF
(Cl-) is high in ECF

Transmitting nerve impulses - sodium channels open - depolarization

Contracting muscles - during action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potassium

A

Intracellular Cation

a. Maintaining intracellular fluid osmolarity
b. Transmitting nerve impulses = repolarization during nerve impulses. (K+ opens and closes)
c. Skeletal and smooth muscle function. – contraction

Regulating Cardiac impulse transmission. = Heart contracts - K+ important
=Pacemaker cell – K+, Cl-, Na+

Regulating Acid-base Balance

Acidosis = pH⬇, H+⬆
H+ into the cell — K+ out of cell
Driving factor = H+ ⬆ in solution
H+ ➡exchange with K+

Alkalosis = pH⬆, H+⬇
H+ out of cell — K+ into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcium

A
  1. Retained in bones - forming bones and teeth
  2. Transmitting nerve impulses

Ca2+ allows vesicles to fuse with membrane
Release NT ➡ synapse to bind to receptors

  1. Regulating muscle contraction
  2. Blood clotting – cascade of events Ca2+
  3. Activating enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Magnesium

A
  1. Maintaining intracellular metabolism
  2. Plays a role as a coenzyme in ATP formation
  3. OPerating Na+/K+ pump
  4. Mg2+ is bound to ATP to facilitate the breakdown to ADP + Pi
  5. Relaxing muscle contractions
    (Myosin head release requires ATP)
    (Ca2+ recycling @ SR requires ATP - active transport)
    (Re-establishing resting membrane potential requires ATP)
    (⬆Na+ outside, ⬆+ inside)
  6. Transmitting Nerve impulses
    (regulating cardiac function uses lots of ATP and magnesium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chloride

A
  1. producing hydrochloric acid
  2. In lumen of stomach to facilitate activation of enzymes that digest protein
  3. Regulating acid-base balance
  4. Critical to coupled reabsorption of HCO3- and secretions of H+ in the nephrons
  5. Regulating ECF balance and vascular volume
  6. Acting as a buffer in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange RBCs
  7. Don’t forget the chloride shift

Want to move HCO3- out into bloodstream to act as a buffer at the bloodstream

H+ binds to Hb

Which causes an electrical deficit in RBC
Cl- needs to move in negative ion in/out exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phosphate.

A

HPO4-

  1. Forming bones and teeth
  2. Function of muscle, nerve, and RBC formation
  3. Regulate acid-base balance (acidification of urine) get rid of excess H+
  4. Cellular metabolism (DNA & ATP)
  5. Regular calcium levels
    (absorption - osteoclasts)
    (Release - osteoblasts)
  6. small % of Ca2+ binds to phosphate (forms of salt)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Major Buffer in acid-base regulation

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ (H+) + Hco3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Important electrolytes in homeostasis

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

For nervous system functions
Muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Universal Solvent

A

Water

and essential for metabolism because…
Chemical processes occur here
Disruptions in composition impact metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fluids are …..

A
  1. Lubricants
  2. solvents
  3. pH regulators
  4. acid/base balance
  5. Transfer Route for everything we do
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

A
  1. Feelings of impending doom
  2. decreased LOC
  3. Near freshwater drowning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

A
  1. Hypoaldosteronism
  2. ⬇Aldosterone
  3. Diuretics - abuse
  4. depressed cells
  5. digestive system not moving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SIADH

A

hormonal imbalance of ADH
—making ADH when you should not be – because you are well hydrated – not urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypovolemic hypernatremia

A
  1. Diarrhea
    2 high fever/Resp Rate.
    (constant loss of water associated with resp rate and sweating from fever)
  2. Excitability
  3. Hallucinations & Delusions
18
Q

Hypervolemic Hypernatremia

A
  1. Hyperaldosteronism
    (vasoconstriction)
    (hypersecretion from adrenal glands)
    (Kidneys will retain Na+ & H2O)
  2. Near drowning in salt water
19
Q

What does Hypoaldosteronism cause?

A

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

20
Q

What does SIADH cause?

A

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

21
Q

What does diarrhea cause?

A

Hypovolemic Hypernatremia

22
Q

What does hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

Hypervolemic Hypernatremia

23
Q

What does diuretic abuse cause?

A

Hypovolemic hyponatremia

24
Q

Most H+ is produced by…

A

metabolism

25
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  1. Alkalosis ➡insulin not just glucose - move Glucose and K+ in cell
  2. Licorice aldosterone mimic (gets rid of K+)
  3. Cushing’s syndrome - hyperglycemia (cortisol)
    (moves K+ and glucose out)
  4. Hyperaldosteronism (lots of Na+ in and K+ out)
26
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Depressed

three types of muscles ar affected:
1. Smooth muscle. - digestive slows down
2. Skeletal muscle. - weakness
3. Cardiac muscle - thready, weak pulse, ⬇BP

27
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  1. Acidosis - Way too much H+ in cell and K+ out of cell
  2. Transfusion of aged blood
  3. Crushing injures - pushes K+ out of cell
  4. Burns and infection – membranes fall apart more K+ out of cell
  5. Addison’s disease - hypoglycemia/insulin - inability to produce cortisol - ACTH not impacting Aldosterone
  6. Hypoaldosteronism - cannot hold onto Na+ and H2O; cannot get rid of K+
  7. Explosive diarrhea
  8. Paresthesia (tingling of the extremities)
  9. Ectopic foci - pacemaker - instead of SA node setting something else in the heart took over
28
Q

What would Nasogastric suctioning cause?

A

Hypokalemia

29
Q

What would acidosis cause?

A

Hyperkalemia

30
Q

What would Hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

hypokalemia

31
Q

What would crushing injury cause?

A

hyperkalemia

32
Q

What would alkalosis cause?

A

Hypokalemia

33
Q

What would hypoaldosteronism cause?

A

hyperkalemia

34
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
  1. Inactive parathyroid gland
  2. Alkalosis (binds to protein plasma)
  3. carpopedal spasms
    positive trousseau’s sign
35
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism. (excessive bone breakdown due to releasing too much Calcium)
  2. Excessive Vitamin D intake (calcium and vitamin D work together)
  3. Acidosis - H+ binds Ca2+ unlocks -
  4. Cancer - cells can secrete substances that dissolve osteoclasts and cause release of calcium
  5. Calcium is a cotransport
  6. Depressed cells
36
Q

Which imbalances would be most likely to cause lower levels of consciousness (LOC)?

a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hyponatremia
c. Hypermagnesmia
d. Hypokalemia
e. hyperphospatemia
f. Hypocalcemia

A

b. Hyponatremia
c. Hypermagnesmia
d. Hypokalemia

37
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A
  1. Vitamin D and PTH levels are low
  2. Gastric suctioning
  3. Athetoid movements
  4. laryngeal stridor (pitch sound when breathing - so much muscle tension)
  5. cramping muscles
38
Q

Hypermagnemsia

A
  1. Untreated DKA due to dehydration
  2. dysarthria
  3. hypotension
  4. Depression all over
39
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A
  1. Tx DKA
  2. Anabolic effects of insulin shifts Mg, K, P, into cells
  3. Tissue anoxia (DPG not there) - chemical w/o phosphate cannot deliver O2 - reversible binding of O2
40
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A
  1. Rhabdomyolysis (muscles exploding)
  2. Chemotherapy for neoplastic disease
  3. Hyperreflexia due to secondary hypocalcemia
  4. Crystals in arteries and skin

BIO 233 (62 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions