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BIO 233 > Week 3-4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 3-4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for nostrils

A

External nares

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2
Q

Internal nares

A

Opening from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

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3
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Interior chamber of the nose

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4
Q

Choanae

A

The Choanae are the posterior nasal aperture, separated by the vomer. It is the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.

The choanae are the internal nares which connect the oral cavity to the nasal passages and are crucial for proper nasal respiration

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5
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Divides nose into two parts

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6
Q

External Nares

A

Openings through which air enter the nasal cavity

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7
Q

Palate

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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8
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

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9
Q

Inhalation

A

process of taking air into lungs

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10
Q

Purpose of the diaphragm

A

Dome-muscle separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Respiratory Center

A

Consists of groups of neurons located in the following regions:
Pons
Medulla Oblongatta

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12
Q

When Carbon Dioxide is increased in blood, What happens?

A

Stimulates respiratory center to increase rate and depth of breathing.

Cause muscle contractions

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13
Q

The exchange between blood and tissue

A

Ventilation, External Respiration, Internal Respiration

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14
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs

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15
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous membrane

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16
Q

What function does mucous membrane have in the respiratory tract?

A

Traps microorganisms, dust, & other foreign particles

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17
Q

What propels mucus towards the pharynx?

A

cilia

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18
Q

What does the Eustachian tube open into?

A

Nasopharynx – helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the oropharynx?

A

Receives air, food, and water form the oral cavity

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents food and water from entering the trachea

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21
Q

Lay term for the thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s apple

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22
Q

What are the vocal cords made up of?

A

Two pairs of ligaments, upper and lower

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23
Q

What supports the trachea?

A

15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

The correct division of the bronchial tree

A

Primary Bronchi
Secondary bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
bronchioles
Aveoli

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25
Q

Characteristics of the right lung

A
  1. shorter
  2. broader
  3. greater volume than left lung
  4. divided into three lobes by two fissures

three lobes:
1. superior
2. middle
3. inferior

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura?

A

Double-layered serous membrane that encloses the lungs

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27
Q

What partially divide the fossa?

2 names that are interchangeable

A
  1. Turbinates
  2. Conchae
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28
Q

What is the purpose of the highly vascularized mucous membrane that lines the nose?

A
  1. Filters air
  2. Moistens (warms) the air
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29
Q

Respiration:

Pulmonary Ventilation -

A

Breathing

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30
Q

Respiration:

Gas exchange

A

Blood to lungs
Happens at the aveoli
O2 & CO2

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31
Q

Respiration:

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

Gas exchange

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32
Q

Respiration:

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport (O2 & CO2 in the blood)

Internal Respiration (Blood –> tissues –> ATP

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33
Q

Where is the location of the pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils?

A

Nasopharynx

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34
Q

Nasopharynx (what enters)

A

Air only

above soft palate & posterior to. internal nares

Auditory tube opens into nasopharynx

Location of adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

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35
Q

Oropharynx (what enters)

A

Air, liquid, solid

from soft palate to hyoid bone

At rear of oral cavity

Location of the palatine and lingual tonsils

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36
Q

What is the location of the palatine & lingual tonsils?

A

Oropharynx

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37
Q

Laryngopharynx - what enters?

A

air, liquid, solid

extends to trachea & larynx

Esophagus - food & liquids
Trachea - air

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38
Q

What directs food and liquid to the esophagus?

A

Layrynx - the pathway

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39
Q

What is the superior opening into the larynx?

A

Glottis

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40
Q

What is the moveable flap that opens and closes eating and breathing?

A

Epiglottis

Is Nervous system controlled

Swallow - flap over the lung pathways

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41
Q

What do infants do to the epiglottis so they can drink and breathe at the same time?

A

Lock the soft palate and epiglottis together

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42
Q

Put in order the Pathways for air coming into the glottis

A
  1. Conchae
  2. Venous Plexus
  3. Internal nares
  4. Nasopharynx
  5. Oropharynx
  6. Laryngopharynx
  7. Epiglottis
  8. Glottis
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43
Q

Voice refers to…

A

Production (vocalization) of sound created by vocal fold production

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44
Q

Sound production happens where?

A

Vocal folds

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45
Q

How is pitch determined?

A

Pitch is determined by the tension on the folds.

More tension = higher ptch

Lower tension - lower pitch

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46
Q

How is loudness determined?

A

Loudness is determined by air pressure

More volume - more air pressure

Measured in decibels - loudness

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47
Q

What has smooth muscle and C-shaped cartilage that allows expansion of the esophagus?

A

Trachea

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48
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
with goblet cells

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49
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

secretion

Produces mucous

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50
Q

What is the coughing muscle?

A

Trachealis

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51
Q

Are the lungs symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

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52
Q

Which lung has three lobes?

A

Right Lung

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53
Q

Which lung has two lobes?

A

Left lung

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54
Q

Which lobe of the lung is most likely to have inhaled objects lodge there?

A

Right lung

Because of its larger size

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55
Q

Which lobe of lung has larger bronchus?

A

Right lung

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56
Q

Which lobe of lung has smaller and narrower bronchus?

A

Left lung

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57
Q

What part of lung lacks cartilage but has smooth muscle?

A

Bronchioles

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58
Q

Where is the beginning of the respiratory zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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59
Q

Where is the end of the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs?

A

aveoli

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60
Q

What kind of pipe is the trachea?

A

Reinforced pipe

because of the c-shaped cartilage and smooth muscle

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61
Q

How many branches are in the bronchiole tree?

A

23 branches

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62
Q

Order of respiratory zone –

A

Terminal Bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveoli

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63
Q

Respiratory zone is the site of-

A

Gas exchange

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64
Q

What reduces pulmonary tension?

A

pulmonary surfactant

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65
Q

The pleura - serous membranes have…

A

2 layers and a cavity

  1. Parietal pleura
  2. Visceral Pleura
  3. Pleural cavity filled with - Pleural fluid
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66
Q

Parietal pleura –

A

(ON) – Lines thoracic wall & diaphragm

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67
Q

Visceral pleura –

A

(ON) – Lines external lung surface

On the organ - lungs

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68
Q

The pleural cavity - space between the two pleuras helps what?

A

Maintain the pressure gradient

It’s pressure is a bit lower than te atmospheric pressure allowing for pressure gradient

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69
Q

What is important about the pleural fluid?

A

it reduces friction

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70
Q

Do the respiratory muscles touch the lungs?

A

NO

71
Q

What are the respiratory muscles?

A

Intercostal and
Diaphragm

72
Q

Intrapleural pressure is higher or lower than atmospheric pressure?

A

slightly lower - 756 mmHg

VS

Atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg

73
Q

Shape of lungs and alveoli make them want to…

A

collpase

74
Q

Shape of the thoracic cavity makes it want to…

A

expand

75
Q

What influences the volume in lungs?

A

Suction/atmospheric pressure
Space

76
Q

What happens to the pressure when the lungs increase in volume?

A

pressure goes down

77
Q

What happens to the pressure when the lungs decrease in volume?

A

Pressure goes up

78
Q

What are the three steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation (breathing)
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
79
Q

Ventilation =

A

Breathing - air in and out of lungs

Relies on pressure, but we cannot control the air

80
Q

In Ventilation what manipulates the volume and changes the pressure?

A

Muscle contraction (intercostals & diaphragm)

81
Q

What is the formula for Boyles Law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

P1V1 = inspiration
P2V2 = expiration

82
Q

What happens during inspiration
with volume and pressure?

A

Inspiration

Volume up – Pressure down

83
Q

What happens during expiration
with volume and pressure?

A

Expiration

Volume down – Pressure up

84
Q

Boyles Law

A

as the volume of a container increases
the pressure within it decreases

and vice versa

P1V1 = P2V2

85
Q

Pressure is the

A

force gas molecules put on walls of a container or walls of a blood vessel

86
Q

Where is the gas exchange between blood and cells happening in the steps of respiration?

A

Inspiration

Diaphragm does 50-80% of the work depending on position

Supine requires more work

87
Q

Where is the gas exchange between air and blood happening in the steps of respiration?

A

Expiration

at rest = mostly passive due to lung recoil & muscle relaxation (concaved diaphragm)

With activity = active muscle - contraction required

88
Q

What shape are alveoli?

A

C-shaped

which creates massive surface area = 35 m2

89
Q

What creates surface tension on the aveoli?

A

Surface area and small diameter creates surface tension

And the tendency to want to collapse

90
Q

What is produced to reduce surface tension on the alveoli?

A

surfactant

91
Q

Where is the surfactant to reduce surface tension on the alveoli produced?

A

The cuboidal alveoli cells produce surfactant

92
Q

What happens in infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Premature birth –> lack of surfactant –> alveolar walls stick together

93
Q

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A
  1. Lung & capillary epithelium
  2. Pulmonary capillary
  3. Surfactant (made by type II alveolar cells)
  4. Fluid & connective tissue
  5. Fused basement membranes
94
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of individual gases that make up the atmosphere

95
Q

What is the formula for Dalton’s Law?

A

Total Pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 +….

% [gas A] * (Total Pressure) = partial pressure of gas A

96
Q

At sea level, what is the pressure?

A

760 mmHg

97
Q

What percentage of Nitrogen comprises the air?

A

78.10%

98
Q

What percentage of Oxygen comprises the air?

A

20.93%

99
Q

What percentage of Carbon Dioxide comprises the air?

A

0.03%

100
Q

To find ppO2 at sea level where total pressure = 760 mmHg?

A

% [gas A] * (Total Pressure)

example:
ppO2 = (0.209) (760 mmHg) = 158.84 mmHg

Percent of Oxygen in atmosphere is 20.9%

101
Q

Applying Dalton’s Law:

As we go up in elevation what changes?

A

Pressure changes

as elevation increases - pressure decreases

and vice versa

102
Q

What is the O2 concentration at Denali?

20,000 ft = 360 mmHg

A

% [gas A] * (Total Pressure)

(0.209) (360 mmHg) = 75.24

Availability of oxygen is lower because of pressure change

103
Q

High elevation =

A

Lower pressure

104
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

get across the membrane

A

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

105
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

Inversely proportional to —

Vg = Diffusion Rate

A

Thicker the membrane = less diffusion

Vg = Diffusion Rate

105
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

Directly Proportional to —

Vg = Diffusion Rate

A

Surface Area increases - more diffusion
Pressure decrease = less diffusion

Vg = Diffusion Rate

106
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

A =

A

A = Surface area of the membrane

Area up = Diffusion up

This is the number one thing!!!

More SA = gas exchange is up

107
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

P1-P2 =

A

P1-P2 = the difference in partial pressures across the membrane

P up - diffusion up

High low values

Only care about O2 & CO2

108
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

D =

A

D = Diffusion coefficient of the gas

Diffusion unique to the gas

109
Q

` (A) (P1-P2) (D)
Vg = ——————–
(T)

T =

A

T = thickness of the membrane

Thick up = diffusion down

Scar tissue reduces surface area

Thickness up - area down = less diffusion

110
Q

KNOW:

Partial pressure gradient of CO2 is small
But due to the unique diffusion coefficient
CO2 diffuses 20x faster than O2

A

CO2 = small gradient - easily crosses

O2 = big gradient - does not cross easily

111
Q

How many more times does CO bind to hemoglobin VS oxygen?

A

200X

112
Q

Applying Fick’s Law: how things go wrong

Pulmonary Edema

A

Issue - Left Ventricular weakness - fluid backs up to pulmonary circuit and builds up in lungs

Bad in gas exchange

  1. too much fluid
  2. CO2 retention - cannot get rid of it
  3. increase thickness
  4. hard to breathe
  5. increase pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries and into lungs – drowning in fluids

Decrease of diffusion = decreased surface are (scarring) & increased thickness

Gas (CO2) gets through membrane and Fluid

113
Q

Applying Fick’s Law: how things go wrong

Chronic Obstructive Disorder (COPD)

A

End Stage Disease - complication

Issue - Smoking or irritants cause loss of lung elasticity, wall destruction, inflammation, and mucus.

  1. wall destruction - breakdown is a loss of surface area
  2. Excess mucus produced
  3. loss lung elasticity

Decrease diffusion = decreased surface area & increased thickness

114
Q

External respiration -

Graph of Lungs

A

Alveoli. – Capillary

High PPO2 104 —-»—> 40
40. <——-«—— 45. High PPCO2

115
Q

Internal Respiration -

Graph of Tissues

A

Capillary – Cells

High PPO2 104 —->—-> 40
40 <——–<—— 45 High PPCO2

116
Q

External Respiration - Lungs

What is the driving force of diffusion?

A

Partial Pressure (CO2 & O2) is the driving force of Diffusion

117
Q

External Respiration - Lungs

What is the difference between O2 & CO2 pressures?

A

O2 is hard to get across the membrane – need bigger pressure difference

CO2 easy to cross membrane – do not need a big pressure difference

118
Q

External Respiration - Lungs

Blood –> Alveoli –> Air (out to lungs)

CO2 Partial Pressure Gradient levels for:

  1. Atmospheric Air. (breathe in)
  2. Alveolar Air. (once in body - has not p/u CO2 yet
  3. Venous Blood (just p/u CO2 from body - back to lungs to get rid of it)
  4. Arterial Blood. (just got rid of it @ lungs)
A

CO2 Partial Pressure Gradient levels for:

  1. ppCO2 Atmospheric Air = 0.3 mmHg – (breathe in)
  2. ppCO2 - Alveolar Air = 40 mmHg (once in body - has not p/u CO2 yet)
  3. ppCO2 Venous Blood = 45mmHg - (just p/u CO2 from body - back to lungs to get rid of it)
  4. ppCO2 Arterial Blood = 40 mmHg - (just got rid of it @ lungs)
119
Q

External Respiration - Lungs

Air–> Alveoli –> Blood (into lungs)

O2 Partial Pressure Gradient levels for:

  1. Atmospheric Air. (lots of O2 in blood - body cells)
  2. Alveolar Air. (air moving from H to L)
  3. Venous Blood (Low O2 in blood - just delivered - deoxygenated blood)
  4. Arterial Blood. (just picked up O2)
A

O2 Partial Pressure Gradient levels for:

  1. ppO2 Atmospheric Air = 160 mmHg. - (lots of O2 in blood - body cells)
  2. ppO2 Alveolar Air = 104 mmHg. - (air moving from H to L)
  3. ppO2 Venous Blood = 40 mmHg - (Low O2 in blood - just delivered - deoxygenated blood)
  4. ppO2 Arterial Blood = 104 mmHg - . (just picked up O2)
120
Q

Internal Respiration = Tissues

Blood <–> Tissues

ppO2 of body cells
ppaO2 of arterial blood
ppCO2 of body cells
ppCO2 of arterial blood

A

Internal Respiration = Tissues

Blood <–> Tissues

  1. ppO2 of body cells = 40 mmHg. (O2 low - just used O2 to make ATP)
  2. ppaO2 of arterial blood = 104 mmHg (just p/u O2 at lungs - should be high)
  3. ppCO2 of body cells = 45 mmHg (High because everytime you make ATP CO2 is produced - CO2 is high)
  4. ppCO2 of arterial blood = 40 mmHg (low because it has not p?u yet from capillary bed to head to lungs)
121
Q

What helps deliver oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

We need RBCs and Hemoglobin

O2 not very soluble

122
Q

How many heme groups bind to an O2

A

4 heme groups bind to one O2

Meaning it is saturated.

123
Q

Dissociation Curve:

At rest - what is the utilization coefficient?

A

25%

100% AT LUNGS -
RESTING STRIPS SOME = 25%
EXERCISE STRIPS MOST = 75%

124
Q

Dissociation Curve:

Exercising - what is the utilization coefficient?

A

75%

100% AT LUNGS -
RESTING STRIPS SOME = 25%
EXERCISE STRIPS MOST = 75%

125
Q

Dissociation Curve:

Lungs have what percent of oxygen?

A

100%

100% AT LUNGS -
RESTING STRIPS SOME = 25%
EXERCISE STRIPS MOST = 75%

126
Q

Dissociation Curve:

Resting cells paO2 is how. much?

A

40 mmHg

127
Q

Dissociation Curve:

Arterial paO2 is

A

100 mmHg

128
Q

Dissociation Curve:

What happens with exercise?

A

Cellular paO2 falls
larger gradient
More O2 delivered

129
Q

Internal Tissues

High –> Low PO2 & PCO2

A

Cap ————————— cells
PO2 104 mmHg –>–> 40 mmHg
40 mmHg <—-<—–<— PCO2 45 mmHg

130
Q

CO2 transported three ways and percentages

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma = 10%
  2. Bound to Hemoglobin = 20%
  3. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = 70%
131
Q

O2 transported two ways and percentages

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma = 2%
  2. Bound to Hemoglobin = 98%
132
Q

Chloride shift happens 2 ways:

A
  1. CO2 from tissues into RBC = HCO3- (bicarbonate) (dissociates from Carbonic Acid) shifts out and Chloride (CL-) enters the cell
  2. CO2 from RBC to lungs = HCO3- (bicarbonate) comes back in the cell and Chloride (Cl-) goes back out of cell. HCO3- combines with H+ to create carbonic acid to then dissociate and become CO2 and H2O
133
Q

Why does CO2 need to get into blood?

A

to control pH and get rid of it

134
Q

Slow respiration (Hypoventilation)

pH affect?

A

Not getting enough CO2
H+ goes up, HCO3- goes up
pH goes down

Kidney stops filtering out HCO3-

One H+

135
Q

What is the ratio 20 to 1:

A

20 bicarb ions for 1 carbonic acid

136
Q

How many binding sites on hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

4 heme groups for Oxygen

137
Q

What parts of the brain work together in breathing?

A

medulla & pons

138
Q

How does the body respond when it detects high CO2?

A

Sends signals to muscles to breathe more

139
Q

What monitors the CO2 and regulates breathing?

A

Medulla

Diffuse system of neurons with pathways for inspiration & expiration

140
Q

What is the normal range of paCO2?

A

PaCO2 range is 35-45 mmHg

141
Q

What are the higher cortical centers in breathing?

A

Cortex - limited voluntary control

Hypothalamus - emotional influence (crying and laughing) - hyperventilate - calm down

142
Q

What receptor monitors CO2?

A

Chemoreceptor

Medulla Oblongata

It responds to high CO2

Increases ventilation rate

143
Q

What chemoreceptors monitor paCO2, paO2, & pH?

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptor

common carotid artery & aorta

Monitors Oxygen

144
Q

High Altitude hypoxia

A

low paO2. & low pressure

Climbers hyperventilate to acquires O2

Relies on chemoreceptors - harder for body to know if O2 is correct in the body

Chronic Alkalosis

145
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute mountain sickness?

A
  1. Heavy breathing
  2. Nausea
  3. Dizziness
  4. Hallucintaion
  5. Headache
  6. Upset stomach

Uses chemoreceptors

Usually happens after gaining 8000feet

146
Q

What receptors do COPD use

A

chemoreceptors

147
Q

What can happen to a COPD patient if excess O2 was delivered?

A

Apnea & Death

Body shifts from monitoring oxygen instead of CO2

It tells the body that no more need to breathe. It thinks

148
Q

Blood Pressure Increased

what happens to ventilation

A

Decreases ventilation - slow breathing

149
Q

Blood Pressure Decreased

what happens to ventilation

A

Increases ventilation - more breathing

150
Q

What hormone increases Blood Pressure and Respiration during fight or flight?

A

Epinephrine

151
Q

What happens to ventilation when you exercise?

A

Ventilation increases slight;y but depth increases greatly

pCO2 can decrease

152
Q

Why can PCO2 decrease during exercise?

A
  1. Psychological- anticipation
  2. Skeletal muscle & respiratory centers may activate simultaneously
  3. Joint & Tendon Receptors could signal resiratory centers
153
Q

What can the lungs only deal with?

A

CO2

154
Q

What can the urinary system deal with in respiration equation?

A

H+ & HCO3-

155
Q

What is the direct relationship in acid-based disturbances?

A

Bicarb (HCO3-) ⬆️ & pH ⬆️

Bicarb ⬇️ & pH ⬇️

156
Q

What is the inverse relationship in acid-based disturbances?

A

CO2 ⬆️ & pH ⬇️

CO2 ⬇️ & pH ⬆️

157
Q

Values to know in the acid-base disturbances

pH
paCO2
HCO3-

A

pH = 7.35-7.45
paCO2 = 35-45 mmHg
HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L

paO2 = 80-100 mmHg
SO2 = 95-100%

Remember that
pH 7.35 & paCO2 35
pH 7.45 & paCO2 45

158
Q

What drives respiratory acid-based disturbances?

A

CO2 drives respiratory

CO2 ⬆️
pH ⬇️

159
Q

What drives metabolic acid-based disturbances?

A

HCO3- drives metabolic

HCO3- ⬇️
pH. ⬇️

160
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

CO2 ⬆️
pH ⬇️

Inverse

pH 7.35 (below) = acidosis

Made H+

producing HCO3-

(CO2 + H2O) <–> H2CO3 <–> (HCO3- + H+)
respiratory. ∆. metabolic

161
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

CO2 ⬇️
pH ⬆️

Inverse

pH 7.45 (above) = alkalosis

producing HCO3-

(CO2 + H2O) <–> H2CO3 <–> (HCO3- + H+)
respiratory. ∆. metabolic

162
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

HCO3- ⬇️
pH. ⬇️

Direct relationship

(CO2 + H2O) <–> H2CO3 <–> (HCO3- + H+)
respiratory. ∆. metabolic

163
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

HCO3- ⬆️
pH. ⬆️

Direct relationship
(CO2 + H2O) <–> H2CO3 <–> (HCO3- + H+)
respiratory. ∆. metabolic

164
Q

What pH is acidosis?

A

low pH
7.35 ⬇️

165
Q

What pH is alkalosis?

A

high pH
7.45 ⬆️

166
Q

Emphysema = Inflation

A

Alveolar walls destroyed & elasticity lost

Damage & Elastic recoil loss –>

contributes to airway collapse

Can lead to Right Ventricle enlargement due to overworking

KEY CHARACTERISTICS:
1. smoking inhibits the production of enzyme that stabilizes lysozomal membrane. -

  1. Due to lack of enzyme…lysozomes rupture & release digestive enzymes and eat alveolar walls, etc.

Pulmonary capillaries destroyed
⬆️ resistance, ⬇️ BF to long

167
Q

Bronchial Asthma. (to Pant)

A

Bronchospasms

Contraction/spasm of smooth muscle of bronchioles → reducing air flow

Coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness

Inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms

Airways thickened with inflammatory exudate magnify the effect of bronchospasms & interfere with diffusion

Often treated with epinephrine OR albuterol. → bronchodilation via inhibition of smooth muscle

168
Q

Pneumonia (edema in lungs)

A

Scarring

Often associated with bacterial or viral infections

Can result from aspiration of foreign objects or chemicals/solvents. - anything that should not be in the lungs

Fluid increases thickness of respiratory membranes

Decrease diffusion rate of gases

169
Q

TB

A

Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Myocabacterium tubercolosis (related organism that causes leprosy)

Can get better and then get sick again later in life

Pathogen can survive inside the macrophage (does not breakdown)

Reactivate during immune suppression years after initial infection

Macrophage suppresses growth, but can disperse the bacteria to other body locations

170
Q

Genetic - Cystic Fibrosis

A

inflammatory in lungs
impacts digestive, UTI, reproductive - risky/zilch

Most common disease in caucasians
Homozygous will show it

CF results in abnormal secretory activity of exocrine glands → symptoms include mutliple systems

FYI - protein channel involved in movement of specific ions is involved
Salty, sweaty, mucus in lungs & digestive system

171
Q

Smoking - complications/impacts

A

Nicotine = vasoconstriction → stresses heart

turns off/sensitizes goblet cells - lowers mucus

Paralyzes cilia → smokers cough

inhibits AT enzyme → leads to emphysema

CO binds to Hb → reducing O2 carrying capacity

Inhibits collagen production (age poorly)

Cancer of lung

172
Q

COPD

A

endstage condition → chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma (generally smokers)

Irreversible decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs

173
Q

Common features of COPD

A

History of smoking in 80% of patients

Dyspnea - labored breathing - air hunger

Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections

Develop respiratory failure (hypoventilation) accompanied by respiratory acidosis

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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