1.1 PHYSIOLOGY - Cellular Physio Flashcards
(172 cards)
0
Q
Ability to maintain stable internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
1
Q
Define physiology.
A
Explains the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
2
Q
Arterial O2 partial pressure
A
100 mmhg
3
Q
Arterial CO2 partial pressure
A
40mmhg
4
Q
Typical GFR
A
125ml/min
5
Q
Typical value of setum Ca2+
A
2.4 meq/L
6
Q
Which is more common? Negative or positive feedback control?
A
Negative
7
Q
2 parts of the cell cycle
A
Interphase and mitosis
8
Q
Parts of interphase
A
G1
DNA synthesis
G2
9
Q
Mitosis typically lasts for
A
30 mins
10
Q
Parts of mitosis
A
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Mnemonic PPMAT
11
Q
Name which part of mitosis is described.
Condensation of chromosomes and formation of mitotic spindle
A
Prophase
12
Q
What happens in prometaphase?
A
Aster fragments the nuclear envelope and attaches to the centromere
Sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles
13
Q
What happens in metaphase?
A
Two asters are pushed further apart
Chromatids line up to form the equatorial plane
14
Q
What happens in anaphase?
A
Chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere tords opposite poles
15
Q
What happens in telophase?
A
New nuclear membrane develops, mitotic spindle dissolute, cell pinches into two
16
Q
Cell classification according to membrane bound organelles
A
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
17
Q
Cell classification according to the ability to reproduce
A
Labile, Quiescent/Stable, Permanent/Non-dividing
19
Q
Examples of labile cells
A
Hematopoeitic cells, skin (spontaneous production)
20
Q
Example of quiescent cells
A
Intestine, liver cells (do not reproduce but can if prompted)
20
Q
Substance that makes up the cell
A
Protoplasm
21
Q
Examples of permament or non-dividing cells
A
Neuron, skeletal, cardiac muscle (do not reproduce)
22
Q
Water is not present in adipose tissue. True or false.
A
True
23
Q
Composition of the protoplasm
A
Water 70-80% Proteins 10-20% Lipids 2% Ions Carbohydrates
24
Almost all nucleated cells in the body contain the SAME set of chromosomes and DNA except
Lymphocytes which undergo genetic rearrangement
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Powerhouse of the cell
| Forms ATP
Mitochondria
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Parts of the mitichondria
Outer membrane
Intermembranous space
Inner membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
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Organelle that contains its own DNA
Mitochondria
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Start codon
AUG
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Other name for smooth ER
Agranular ER
30
Genetic material from the mitochondria is purely
Maternally-derived
31
SERs are abundant in which organs?
Liver, kidney cells, testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex
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Function of the SER
Mr clean of the cell (smooth, panlaba, mataba)
Involved in DETOXIFICATION
Synthesis of lipids and contains glycogenolytic enzymes
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Other name for Rough ER
Granular ER
34
Function of the RER
Protein factory of the cell
| RER contains ribosomes
35
RERs are abundant in which organs
Liver, neurons, pancreas, thyroid
36
2 types of ribosomes
RER vs free floating
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Ribosomes bound to the RER are found in the
Cell membrane
Lysosomes
Any proteins secreted out of the cell (hormones, neurotransmitters)
38
Free floating ribosomes are found in the
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
39
The SER in skeletal muscles and the RER in the neuron are called?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum/Nissl substance
40
Packaging department of the cell
Golgi apparatus
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Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Packaging
Molecular tagging
Synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
42
Structure of the Golgi apparatus
4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
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What is the only protein modified in the RER and not in the golgi apparatus?
Collagen
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Protein enters and exits which sides of the Golgi apparatus
Protein enters the Covex (cis) side and exits on the concave (trans) side
45
Secretory vesicles or granules are formed from the
ER-Golgi system
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Inactivated proteins
Proenzymes
| Contained in secretory vesicles or granules
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Lysosomes come from the
Golgi apparatus
48
Ribosomal subunits in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: 30s and 50s (70s)
Eukaryotes: 40s and 60s (80s)
49
Suicide enzymes in the lysosomes
Hydrolases (40)
50
Functions of the lysosome
warfreak guy of the cell
Digests damaged cellular structures, food particles ingested by the cell and foreign bodies
Autolysis
51
Lysosomes are involved in which physiologic scenarios?
Regression of tissues (uterus after pregnancy, skeletal muscles follwoing inactivity, mammary glands after lactation)
Autolysis of cells (apoptosis and necrosis)
52
Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes
Lipofuscin
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Enzyme in lysosomes that dissolve bacterial membranes
Lysozyme
54
Enzyme in lysosomes that bind iron and other substances to prevent bacterial growth
Lysoferritin
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Enzymes in lysosomes that activates hydrolases and inactivates bacterial metabolic systems
Acid with ph 5.0
56
Functions of peroxisomes
Formed by self-replication or budding from SER
Contains oxidase and catalase
Oxidises many poisons (eg alcohol)
57
Peaceful guy of the cell
| Physically similar to lysosomes but with different functions
Peroxisomes
58
Types of filament or tubular structures
Actin and myosin
| Microtubules
59
Lysosomes:hydrolases
Peroxisomes:?
Catalases and Oxidases (for detoxification)
60
Kartagener Syndrome
Situs inversus
Bronchiectasis
Infertility
Pathophysio: ciliary diskinesia
61
2 types of cell movement
Amoeboid and ciliary
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2 types of proteins in the cell
Structural and Globular (Enzymes)
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Degrades membrane associated proteins, not membrane bound.
Proteosomes
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Drug of choice for S. aureus nasal carriers
Mupirocin
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DOC for Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Clinda + Vancomycin
66
GI Hormone that increase during intake of coffee
Gastrin
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Characterised by an episode of dramatic bradycardia following manipulation of extra-ocular muscles or dramatically raised intraocular pressure
Oculocardiac reflex
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Other name for the oculocardiac reflex
Aschner phenomenon
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% mass regeneration of the liver in 2-3 mos when removed
70%
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DNA contains how many base pairs and genes?
3 billion base pairs and 200,000 genes
71
A chromosome is made up of
DNA + histone
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Number of chromosome pairs in humans
23
73
Charges of DNA and Histone
DNA (-) charge
| Histone (+) charge
74
Basic proteins of histones
Lysine and Arginine
75
The ETC in the mitochondria is found in the
Inner Mitochondrial Matrix
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Number of complexes in the electron transport chain
I, II, III, IV
77
Complex V of the ETC
ATP synthase complex
78
In the ETC, oxygen is the final acceptor found in which complex?
Complex IV
79
MOA of Cyanide
ETC inhibitor (inhibits complex IV) - no generation of ATP
80
Hexokinase is created in the
Free floating ribosomes (glycolysis- cytoplasm)
81
Important molecular tag that tells the protein to go to the lysosome.
Mannose-6-phosphate
82
TB secretes ____ to prevent fusion of the lysosome and bacteria.
Sulfatides
83
Macrophages that fail to fuse with the TB bacteria are called
Langhan's giant cell
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2 Faces of the Golgi apparatus
Cis (convex) and Trans (concave)
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Types of RNA
mRNA - massive
rRNA - rampant
tRNA - tiny
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Nucleus without a nucleolus
Orphan annie
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Why is the mitochondrial DNA only maternally derived?
Mitochondria of sperm dissociates during fertilization and what is left is the mitochondrial dna of the egg.
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AUG codes for
methionine
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Evolutionary explanation for the mitochondria
Anaerobic cell swallowing an aerobic cell (symbiosis)
90
Site of transcription and processing of rRNA
Nucleolus
91
The only substance modified in the RER and not the golgi appparatus
Collagen
92
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes come from which organelles?
Lysosome: Golgi
Peroxisome: SER
93
Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosomes
Lipofuscin
94
Cell filaments
Actin/Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
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Microtubules are from
Tubulin Dimers
96
Structures that are made up of Actin/Microfilaments
Microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, zonula occludens
97
Structures that are made up of Intermediate filaments
keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
98
2 Motor proteins found in microtubules
Kinesin and Dynein
99
Structures that are made up of microtubules
Flagella, Cilia, Centrioles, Mitotic spindle, intracellular vesicles
100
Disease with dynein missing in cilia and flagella
Kartagener Syndrome
101
Pathophysio of situs inversus in Kartagener's
Defective primary cilia
102
Locomotion of cells
Ameboid movement, Ciliary movement, Flagellar movement
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Cilia is found in which body structures
Fallopian tubes
| Respiratory epithelium
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Ameboid movement is exhibited by which cells
WBC, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo
In response to chemotactic substance
105
4 Junctional Complexes
```
Macula adherens (desmosomes)
Zonula adherens (fascia adherens)
Zonula occludens (tight junctions)
Gap junctions
```
106
Structure, function and site of desmosomes
Structure: disk-shaped
Fxn: For firm intercellular adhesions
Sites: Epithelium "waterproofing"
107
Structure, function and site of fascia adherens
Ring-shaped
Increases surface area for contact
Sites: Intercalated discs of cardiac muscles
108
2 types of tight junctions
Leaky and tight
109
Structure, function and site of tight junctions
Reticular pattern
Divides cell into apical and basolateral side
Leaky: PCT, Jejunum
Tight: CD, terminal colon, BBB
110
Function and site of gap junctions
For intercellular communication
| Cardiac and unitary smooth muscle
111
What is the functional unit of the gap junction?
Connexon
112
What do you call the movement of substances through the apical and basolateral side?
Transcellular transport
113
What do you call the movement of substances between cells through tight junctions?
Paracellular transport
114
The cell membrane divides the body into what compartments?
ECF and ICF Compartment
115
Majority of the cell membrane are made up of
Proteins (55%)
116
2 types of cell membrane proteins
Integral Proteins and Peripheral proteins
117
Components of the cell membrane
```
Proteins (55%)
Phospholipids (25%)
Cholesterol (13%)
Other lipids (4%) Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Carbs (3%)
```
118
The phospholipid bilayer is divided into
1. Outer leaflet
| 2. Inner leaflet
119
What lipids are found in the outer and inner leaflet respectively?
Outer: Phosphatidylcholine, Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylethanolamine
Inner: Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine
120
Component of the cell membrane that mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structures. (Most important component)
Cholesterol
121
Integral proteins vs. Peripheral
type of attachment and interaction
Integral: Tight attachments and Hydrophobic interactions
Peripheral: Loose and Electrostatic interactions
122
Which disease involves a mutation in the gene of Chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?
Cystic Fibrosis
123
2 types of endocytosis
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
124
Which type of endocytosis is used in proteins? For bacteria?
Pinocytosis: Proteins
Phagocytosis: Bacteria
125
Exocytosis is mediated by
SNARE Proteins
126
Endocytosis is mediated by
Clathrin
127
What is the 60-40-20 rule?
TBW 60% of Body weight
ICF 40%
ECF 20%
128
ECF is further subdivided into?
ECF 20%
Plasma 5%
Interstitial fluid 15%
Transcellular fluid 1L
129
Predominant Cation and Anion in the ECF and ICF
ECF: Na+, Cl-
ICF: K+, Ph-
130
Fluid intake on a normal day (ml/day)
2100 ml/day
131
Water Intake from metabolism (ml/day)
200
132
Total water intake (ml/day)
2300
133
Insensible losses from the skin/lungs (ml/day)
350 ml
134
Output from sweat and feces (ml/day)
100
135
Urine output (ml/day)
1400
136
Insensible loss from the skin during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)
350
137
Insensible water loss from the lungs during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)
650
138
Water loss from sweat during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)
5000
139
Water loss from feces during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)
100
140
Water loss from urine during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)
500
141
What is the principle of MACROSCOPIC ELECTRONEUTRALITY?
In each compartment, the total number of cations should equal the total number of anions.
142
What are the indicator molecules for TBW?
Deuterium oxide, Antipyrine
143
What are the indicator molecules for ECF?
Inulin, Mannitol
145
What is the indicator molecule for Plasma?
124 I-labeled Albumin
146
Osmolality vs Osmolarity
```
Osmolality = osmoles/kg of water
Osmolarity = osmoles/liter of water (varies with temp)
```
147
Formula of osmolarity
Concentration x Number of dissociable particles
148
Estimate of plasma osmolarity can be obtained using which solutes
Na, glucose, urea
149
Formula for Plasma Osmolarity
2 x Plasma Na + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)
150
Osmolar Gap
Measured osmolarity - Estimated osmolarity
151
Osmolar gap increases in
Alcohol intoxication and ethylene glycol poisoning (more solutes included)
152
Define osmosis
Movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane
153
Osmotic pressure is dependent on the
Number of molecules
154
Example of IMPERMEANT solute
Glucose (Effective Osmole)
155
Example of PERMEANT solute
Urea (Ineffective osmole)
156
Effective osmole used in the treatment of brain edema
Mannitol
157
Osmotic pressure from large molecules (proteins)
Oncotic pressure
158
Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water
Specific gravity
159
Define Osmotic Coefficient/Reflection Coefficient
Number between one and zero that describes the ease by which a solute permeates a membrane
RC=1 no solute penetration
RC between 1-0 some penetration
RC = zero complete penetration
160
3 functions of the Na K ATPase Pump
1. prevents cellular swelling
2. contributes to RMP (-4mV)
3. Helps secondary transport
161
What are the characteristics of active transport?
1. Saturation: Tm occurs once all transporters are used
2. Stereospecificty: recognizes D or L forms
3. Competition: chemically-related solutes may compete.
162
Which is faster: simple or facilitated diffusion?
At low solute concentration: Facilitate > S
At high solute conc: Simple > F
"Usain bolt and ferrari"
"Usain bolt and speed limit"
163
Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:
Simple Diffusion
Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO2, Alcohol, Lipid hormones, Anesthetic drugs
164
Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:
Facilitated Diffusion
D-glucose transport to muscles and adipose tissues; Amino acid transport
165
Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:
Primary Active Transport
Na-K-ATPase Pump
Ca-ATPase pump
H-K-ATPase Pump (Proton Pump) parietal cells
H-ATPase pump in intercalated cells (kidneys), multi-drug resistance transporters
166
Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:
Secondary Active Transport
```
SGLT 1 in the Small Intestine
SGLT 2 in the PCT
NaK2Cl Ascending tubule
Na Ca exchange in all cells
Na H Change in PCT
```
167
Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane
PMCA
168
Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum
SERCA
169
Functions of the Na-K-ATPase pump
Prevents cellular swelling, contributes to RMP
170
Functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides
Alpha subunit
171
In all epithelial cells, Na-K ATPase is found in the basolateral side except
Choroid plexus
172
Why do RBCs swell when chilled?
Decrease ATP synthesis --> Dec. Activity of Na-K-ATPase pump
