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ANA, BCHM, PHY > ✅1.3 PHYSIOLOGY - Special topics > Flashcards

✅1.3 PHYSIOLOGY - Special topics Flashcards

(118 cards)

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0
Q

If detected temperature is less than the set point temp, the hypothalamus will

A

Initiate heat generating mechanisms

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1
Q

Thermoregulatory center

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Heat generating mechanisms include

A

Shivering, thyroid hormone (inc in basal metabolism by inc Na K ATPase pum activity), decreased sweating, piloerection, skin vasoconstriction (alpha1), brown fat in babies (beta 3)

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3
Q

Heat loss mechanisms

A

Sweating, piloerction, skin vasodilation, dcreased heat production

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4
Q

Role of fat and skin in terms of body tem regulation

A

Fat-insulator

Skin- radiator (vasoconstriction and dilation of vessels)

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5
Q

Most of the body heat is lost through which way? (Order and percentage)

A

Radiation 60%
Evaporation 20%
Conduction to air
Conduction to objects

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6
Q

Interleukins involved in the pathophysiology of fever

A

IL-1 and IL-6

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7
Q

Differentiate heat exhaustion and heat stroke

A

Heat exhaustion- excessive fainting causing fainting

Heat stroke - high temp causing tissue damage and impaired responses

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8
Q

High temp secondary to succinylcholine and halothane

A

Malignant hyperthermia

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9
Q

Antidote for malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene

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10
Q

Pathophysio of malignant hyperthermia

A

Overstimulation of skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Strength per square centimeter of x-sec area for men and women

A

3-4kg/cm2

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12
Q

Sequence of energy systems and onset and duration

A

Phosphagen energy system - 8-10 seconds
Glycogen lactic acid system - 1.3 -1.6 mins
Aerobic system - unlimited time as long as with energy supply

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13
Q

Example of activities that use the phosphagen energy system

A

100 m dash, jumping, diving

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14
Q

Example of activities that use the glycogen lactic acid system

A

Tennis, soccer

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15
Q

Example of activities that use the aerobic system

A

Long distance jogging

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16
Q

In the aerobic system, _____ supplies 50% of the energy requirements after 3-4 hrs

A

Fat

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17
Q

What is the basis for muscle endurance?

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

What is the best diet for muscle glycogen recovery?

A

High carb diet

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19
Q

How long does it take to recover muscle glycogen?

A

2 days

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20
Q

An increase in muscle strength is always due to what?

A

Increase in muscle size

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21
Q

Maximal breathing capacity

A

150-170L/min

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22
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise

A

100-110L/min

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23
Q

Difference between maximal breathing capacity and pulmo ventilation during maximal exercise is used to compensate for:

A

Exercise at high altitude
Exercise under hot conditions
Abnormalities of the respiratory system

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24
Muscle blood flow increases up to how many times during the most strenous exercise?
20x
25
Resting cardiac output
5L/min
26
CO can increase to up to how much during exercise? | Values for athletes and non-athletes
Athletes 30L/min | Non athletes 20L/min
27
At macimal exercise cardiac output is at how many percent of its maximum?
90%
28
At maximal exercise, pulmonary ventilation is at how many percent of its maximum?
65%
29
Heatstroke in exercise happens when temp is
>42C
30
Treatment for heatstroke
Remove clothing, sponge/spray with water, fan, give fluids
31
Sweat glands may acclimatize to hot and humid conditions because of
Aldosterone
32
Effects of substances in athletes
Inconsistent results
33
Effects of substances in athletes Testosterone
Increases muscle strength and aggresiveness
34
Effects of substances in athletes Ampetamines and cocaine
Psychological effects only, may cause Vfib
35
Rationale for decreased O2 in high altitude
O2 molecules are farther apart hence decreased oxygenation
36
Most important effect of hypoxia
Decreased mental proficiency
37
Symptoms at 12,000 feet
Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea, and euphoria
38
Symptoms at 18,000 feet
Twitchings and seizures
39
Effects at 23,000 feet
Coma and death
40
Mechanisms for acclimatization to low pO2
Increased pulmo ventilation Polycythemia Inc diffusing capacity of oxygen Inc vascularity of the peripheral tissues Inc ability of cells to use oxygen despite low pO2
41
After a few minutes at high altitude, RR increases by
1.65x
42
After a few DAYS in high altitude, RR increases to
5x
43
Born and raised in a place of high altitude
Natural acclimatization
44
What are the changes seen in NATURAL acclimatization to high altitude?
Decreased body mass Inc chest size Larger heart and lungs Better O2 delivery (inc HgB), better O2 utiliztion
45
What are the manifestations of ACUTE mountain sickness?
Acute pulmonary edema | Acute cerebral edema
46
What are the manifestations of CHRONIC mountain sickness?
Pulmonary vasoconstriction, R- sided heart failure
47
Body in sitting position in an airplane is subject to
Linear acceleration | Centrifugal acceleration
48
Define G-force
A unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity
49
G force associated with death
20G Vertebral fracture
50
Where is blood shunted in negative and positive Gs
Positive - to the lower ex | Negative - to the head
51
Positive G force is more dangerous than negative. True or false
True
52
Pilot is pushed against his seat
Pos G
53
g force range associated with blackouts, LOC, and death
+6-10 G
54
Pilot is pushed against his seatbelt
Negative Gs
55
May result in red out of the eyes and psychotic disturbances
Neg G
56
What is terminal velocity?
Constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration
57
When using a parachute, opening shock load of ______lb may be felt
1200 lb
58
A skydiver would reach terminal velocity in _________ with a speed of ____________
12 seconds | 175 feet per second
59
A parachute reduces the speed of a skydiver to what fraction of terminal velocity
1/9th
60
How to fall when using a parachute
Fall to the ground with knees bent and muscles taut to prevent fractures
61
Currently how many percent oxygen is used in a sealed aircraft and at what pressure?
20% oxygen at 760mmHg
62
This occurs in chronic weightlessness
Deconditioning
63
To keep the lungs from collapsing due to high water pressure, air used by divers are given in _____ pressure
High
64
High pressure air given to divers may lead to
Nitrogen, CO2 and Oxygen toxicity
65
High nitrogen pressure effects at different levels
120 ft - joviality At 200-250 feet - drowsiness Beyond 250 feet - "raptures of the depths" (alters ionic conductance in brain cells)
66
Breathing oxygen at ___________ pressure will cause sudden BRAIN SEIZURES followed by COMA.
4atm (PO2 = 3040mmHg)
67
Oxygen toxicity is due to
Oxygen free radicals (O2- and H2O2)
68
Happens only when diving apparatus has a malfunction
High CO2 pressure
69
Acid base disorder in high altitudes
Respiratory alkalosis
70
Pathophsyiology in decompression sickness
Sudden ascent leading to formation of NITROGEN BUBBLES ----> blocks in blood vessels
71
Manifestations of decompression sickness Pains in the joints and muscles
Bends
72
Manifestations of decompression sickness Dyspnea
Chokes
73
Chronic decompression sickness
Caisson's disease
74
Treatment for decompression sickness
Us navy decompression tables Tank decompression Use helium in very deep dives (>250 feet)
75
Effects of substances in athletes
Inconsistent results
76
Effects of substances in athletes Testosterone
Increases muscle strength and aggresiveness
77
Effects of substances in athletes Ampetamines and cocaine
Psychological effects only, may cause Vfib
78
Rationale for decreased O2 in high altitude
O2 molecules are farther apart hence decreased oxygenation
79
Most important effect of hypoxia
Decreased mental proficiency
80
Symptoms at 12,000 feet
Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea, and euphoria
81
Symptoms at 18,000 feet
Twitchings and seizures
82
Effects at 23,000 feet
Coma and death
83
Mechanisms for acclimatization to low pO2
Increased pulmo ventilation Polycythemia Inc diffusing capacity of oxygen Inc vascularity of the peripheral tissues Inc ability of cells to use oxygen despite low pO2
84
After a few minutes at high altitude, RR increases by
1.65x
85
After a few DAYS in high altitude, RR increases to
5x
86
Born and raised in a place of high altitude
Natural acclimatization
87
What are the changes seen in NATURAL acclimatization to high altitude?
Decreased body mass Inc chest size Larger heart and lungs Better O2 delivery (inc HgB), better O2 utiliztion
88
What are the manifestations of ACUTE mountain sickness?
Acute pulmonary edema | Acute cerebral edema
89
What are the manifestations of CHRONIC mountain sickness?
Pulmonary vasoconstriction, R- sided heart failure
90
Body in sitting position in an airplane is subject to
Linear acceleration | Centrifugal acceleration
91
Define G-force
A unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity
92
G force associated with death
20G Vertebral fracture
93
Where is blood shunted in negative and positive Gs
Positive - to the lower ex | Negative - to the head
94
Positive G force is more dangerous than negative. True or false
True
95
Pilot is pushed against his seat
Pos G
96
g force range associated with blackouts, LOC, and death
+6-10 G
97
Pilot is pushed against his seatbelt
Negative Gs
98
May result in red out of the eyes and psychotic disturbances
Neg G
99
What is terminal velocity?
Constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration
100
When using a parachute, opening shock load of ______lb may be felt
1200 lb
101
A skydiver would reach terminal velocity in _________ with a speed of ____________
12 seconds | 175 feet per second
102
A parachute reduces the speed of a skydiver to what fraction of terminal velocity
1/9th
103
How to fall when using a parachute
Fall to the ground with knees bent and muscles taut to prevent fractures
104
Currently how many percent oxygen is used in a sealed aircraft and at what pressure?
20% oxygen at 760mmHg
105
This occurs in chronic weightlessness
Deconditioning
106
To keep the lungs from collapsing due to high water pressure, air used by divers are given in _____ pressure
High
107
High pressure air given to divers may lead to
Nitrogen, CO2 and Oxygen toxicity
108
High nitrogen pressure effects at different levels
120 ft - joviality At 200-250 feet - drowsiness Beyond 250 feet - "raptures of the depths" (alters ionic conductance in brain cells)
109
Breathing oxygen at ___________ pressure will cause sudden BRAIN SEIZURES followed by COMA.
4atm (PO2 = 3040mmHg)
110
Oxygen toxicity is due to
Oxygen free radicals (O2- and H2O2)
111
Happens only when diving apparatus has a malfunction
High CO2 pressure
112
Acid base disorder in high altitudes
Respiratory alkalosis
113
Pathophsyiology in decompression sickness
Sudden ascent leading to formation of NITROGEN BUBBLES ----> blocks in blood vessels
114
Manifestations of decompression sickness Pains in the joints and muscles
Bends
115
Manifestations of decompression sickness Dyspnea
Chokes
116
Chronic decompression sickness
Caisson's disease
117
Treatment for decompression sickness
Us navy decompression tables Tank decompression Use helium in very deep dives (>250 feet)

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