✅PHYSIOLOGY - Endocrine Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Hormones that are derivatives of tyrosine
A
T3, t4, epinephrine, norepinephrine dopamine
2
Q
What hormone attaches to a cytoplasmic receptor (instead of a nuclear) for transcription?
A
Cortisol
3
Q
2nd messenger of glucagon
A
Camp
4
Q
2nd messenger of insulin
A
Tyrosine kinase
5
Q
Protein complex subunits in GPCR
A
Alpha (most impt)
Beta
Gamma
6
Q
GTP is stimulated by
A
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)
7
Q
GTP is inhibited by
A
GTPase accelerating proteins (GAPs) RGS Proteins (Regulatin of G protein signalling)
8
Q
G-protein with alpha(t) subunit is responsible for
A
Hyperpolarization of the eye
9
Q
Alpha(t) subunit is also called
A
Transducin
10
Q
Messengers associated with phospholipase C
A
DAG
Ip3
11
Q
DAG activates
A
Protein kinase C
12
Q
cAMP activates
A
Protein kinase A
13
Q
Examples of water soluble hormones
A
Insulin
Glucagon
Catecholamines
14
Q
Lipid soluble hormones
A
Steroids
Calcitriol
Thyroxines
Retinoic acid
15
Q
Other name for IGF-1
A
Somatomedin
16
Q
EPO uses what 2nd messenger
A
Tyrosine associated kinase receptors
17
Q
Tyrosine kinase receptors
A
Growth factors
NGF EGF PDGF IGF-1 Insulin
18
Q
All hypothalamic hormones except _____ use the IP3 DAG mechanism
A
CRH
19
Q
Transport of steroid hormones
A
Bound to proteins
20
Q
Active form of steroid hormones
A
Free unbound form
21
Q
Main site of inactivation of hormones
A
Liver
22
Q
Main site of excretion of hormones
A
Liver
Kidneys
23
Q
Hormone receptors are constant. T or F
A
False
Variable
24
Q
Minimum amount of a hormone to produce an effect
A
1 picogram per ml
25
Hormone interaction that uses upregulation of receptors in response to another hormone
Permissive effects
26
2 types of synergistic effects
Additive and complementary
27
What type of hormone interaction does NE and E have?
Additive effect
28
3 moments where positive feedback of hormone is seen
LH surge
Oxytocin in delivery
Oxytocin in milk secretion
29
Example of negative feedback that does not use HPA
Insulin
30
The pituitary gland is connected to the _______ of the hypotahalamus via the pituitary stalk
Median eminence
31
Parts of the pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Pars intermedia
32
Avascular portion of the pituitary gland
Pars intermedia
33
The anterior pituitary is derived from the
Oral ectoderm or
Rathke's pouch
34
Hormones produced in the neurohypophysis
Vasopressin
| Oxytocin
35
The posterior pituitry is derived from the
Neural ectoderm
36
2 types of cells in the anterior pituitary
Basophilic and acidophilic cells
37
Acidophilic cells produce
GH
| Prolactin
38
Basophilic cells produce
B FLAT Major
```
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
MSH
```
39
If the pituitary stalk is damaged, all hormones would decrease except
Prolactin
40
In terms of number, what are the top 2 cells in the anterior pituitary
Somatotropes (40%)
| Corticotropes (20%)
41
Hormones derived from POMC
MSH
| ACTH
42
Hormone family in the anterior pituitary with the same alpha unit but unique beta subunits
TSH
LH
FSH
43
3 hormone classes
Steroids
Protein
Derivatives of tyrosine
44
Growth hormone is both catabolic and anabolic. T or F
t
45
Other name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
46
Other name for IGF
Somatomedin
47
Growth hormone is released in a ________ fashion
Pulsatile (every 2 hrs)
48
Nocturnal peak of GH
1 hour after stage 3 or 4 sleep
49
4 diabetogenic hormones
Glucagon
GH
Epinephrone
cortisol
50
GH secretion requires normal plasma levels of this hormone.
Thyroid hormones
51
Decreased GH
| MCC of dwarfism
Achondroplasia
52
Achondroplasia is a defect in
FGF 3 receptor
53
Inc GH with skeletal deformities
Acromegaly
54
Symmetrical
| Inc GH
Gigantism
55
Lactational amenorrhea duration
6mos
56
What is one possible side effect of antipsychotic drugs that involve prolactin?
Amenorrhea
| Galactorrhea
57
Prolactin is stimulated mainly by
Pregnancy (estrogen)
| Breast feeding
58
Prolactin is inhibited by
Dopamine
| Bromocriptine
59
Other names of vasopressin
AFH
| AVP(arginine vasopressin)
60
Vasopressin is secreted byvthe
Supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus
61
Vasopressin responds to ECF changes detected by osmoreceptors in the
Organum vasculosum
62
Most poteng stimulus for vasopressin release
Increased plasma osmolality
63
Vasopressin acts on what type of receptors in the kidney?
V2 receptors
Causing the insertion of AQP2 in the late distal tubule and CD
64
Peripheral vasoconstriction is mediated by which receptor of ADH
v1
65
Treatment in central diabetes insipidus
DDAVP
66
Treatment of peripheral diabetes insipidus
Thiazide diuretics
67
Treatment for SIADH
Demeclocycline
68
Rapid correction of hyponatremia results in
Central pontine myelenosis
69
Oxytocin is from the
Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
70
2 actions of oxytocin
```
Milk ejection (contraction of myoepithelial cells)
Uterine contraction
```
71
Only hormones that we can store
Thyroid hormones
72
Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the
Follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid
73
Thyroid gland can produce and store hormones for up to how many mos?
3 mos
74
What thyroid hormone is more active?
T3
75
Percent of T3 and T4 synthesized
T4 93 %
| T3 7 %
76
How do thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate?
Increases mitochondria and NaKATPase activity
77
Effect of thyroid hormones that causes fine muscle tremors
Increases muscle vigor
78
Important in regulation of thyroid hormones
Temperature
79
Cold temperature stimulates what thyroid regulation process
TRH secretion
80
Exophthalmos is pathognomonic for which disease
Graves
81
Whole body myxedema is seen in hypo or hyperthyroidism?
Hypo
Hyper- pretibial myxedema
82
RDA of iodine per day
150 ug
83
What is the WOLFF-CHAIKOFF EFFECT?
High levels of iodine inhibiting organification and iodine thyroid hormone synthesis
84
TBG levels in kidney and liver failure
Decreased
85
TBG levels in estrogen or pregnancy
Increased
86
Enzyme that converts T4 to T3
5 iodinase
87
T4 can also be converted to
rT3 (inactive)
88
What is theJod-Basedow phenomenon?
Hyperthyroidism following administration of iodine
89
Where is cortisol produced?
Zona fasciculata
90
Main catecholamine produced in the adrenal medulla
Epi 80%
| Norepi 20%
91
Inhibits 11 beta hydroxylase
Metyrapone
92
Inhibits desmolase
Ketoconazole
93
Significance of adrenal androgens in males and females respectively
Inisgnificant
| Significant
94
Diabetogenic hormones
GH
Epi
Glucagon
Cortisol
95
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease
96
Primary adrenal hyperplasia
Cushing syndrome
97
Treatment for cushing's syndrome
Ketoconazole
| Metyrapone
98
11 depxycorticosterone is a _____ hence there is increased BP with accumulation
Weak mineralocorticoid like aldosterone
99
Most abundant cells in the islets of langerhans
Beta cells 60%
100
Name the secretion of each cell:
Beta
Alpha
Delta
f cell /PP cell
Beta - insulin and amylin
Alpha - glucagon
Delta - somatostatin
f cell /PP cell - pancreatic polypeptide
101
Half life of insulin
6 minutes
102
Structure of insulin
A chain and B chain joined by disulfide bonds
103
Effect of insulin on potassium uptake
Inc potassium uptake of the cells
104
Percentage of beta cell lost to manifest with DM type 1
80-90%
105
2nd messenger of insulin
TK
106
Effects if insulin on the brain
None
107
GLUT transporter found in beta cells
GLUT 2
108
Calcium is ___ in bone
Hydroxyapatite
109
Where are PTH receptors located
Osteoblasts
110
What is secreted by osteoblast to inhibit osteoclastic activity in hyperparathyroidism?
Alkaline phosphatase
111
Active vitamin D
1,25 OH2 cholecalciferol
112
PTH is secreted
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland
113
Calcitonin is secreted by
Parafollicular cells (c-cells) of the thyroid gland
114
Stimulus for clacitonin release
High plasma Ca
115
Mnemonic calcitonin
"Calcium in"
116
Net effect of vit d on serum level of Calcium and phosphate
Inc calcium and phosphate
117
Net effect of PTH on serum level of calcium and phosphate
Inc calcium
| Dec phosphate
118
Effect of pth on the kidneys
Inc calcium reabsorption in the DCT
| Dec phopshate reabsorption in the PCT
