✅1.2 PHYSIOLOGY - Neuro

Question 1

More numerous: glial cells or neurons?

Answer 1

Glial cells

Question 2

Produces CSF

Answer 2

Ependymal Cells

Question 3

Macrophage of the brain

Answer 3

Microglia

Question 4

Regulates ECF ion levels, gives mechanical support forms BBB

Answer 4

Astrocyte

Question 5

Creates myelin in the CNS

Answer 5

Oligodendrocytes (myelinates many cells at a time)

Question 6

Creates myelin in the PNS

Answer 6

Schwann cell (one cell at a time)

Question 7

Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

Answer 7

Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma

Question 8

“Receiving” Portion (for NTS) of the Neuron

Answer 8

Dendrites

Question 9

Where Action Potential in a neuron actually starts

Answer 9

Axon Hillock

Question 10

Function of Myelin Sheath

Answer 10

Insulator

Question 11

Space between 2 neurons

Answer 11

Synapse

Question 12

Unmyelinated portion of the Axon

Answer 12

Nodes of Ranvler

Question 13

Branches of the Axons

Answer 13

Neural Fibril

Question 14

Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

Answer 14

Axon Terminal/Boutons/End-Feet

Question 15

2 types of axonal transport

Answer 15

Anterograde and Retrograde

Question 16

What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury?

Answer 16

Anterograde/Orthograde/Walllerian Degeneration

Question 17

What do you call the changes to the soma after an axon is transected?

Answer 17

Axonal reaction/Chromatolysis

Question 18

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?

Answer 18

PNS

Question 19

Acetylcholine is mainly secreted where?

Answer 19

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 20

Raw materials for synthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 20

Uses Acetyl Coa and Choline

Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase

Question 21

Raw materials produced in the degradation of acetylcholine

Answer 21

Produces Acetate and choline

Enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase

Question 22

Dopamine is found mainly in the

Answer 22

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and ventral tegmental area

Question 23

REM sleep is every

Answer 23

90 mins

Question 24

Neurotransmitter that triggers REM sleep

Answer 24

Ach

Question 25

Dopamine is degraded by

Answer 25

MAO and COMT

Question 26

Norepi and epi are secreted by neurons in the

Answer 26

Locus ceruleus Mnemonic: iLOCUS NORte

Question 27

Mnemonic phenylalanine derviatives

Answer 27

Pare true live does not exist to me ``` Phenylalaline Tyrosine L-DOPA Dopamine Norepi Epi Throxine Melanin ```

Question 28

Mnemonic tryptophan derivatives

Answer 28

Trip mo siya no? Tryptophan Melatonin Serotonin Niacin

Question 29

Serotonin is secreted by the

Answer 29

Median raphe of the brainstem

Question 30

Dubbed as the happy hormone

Answer 30

Serotonin

Question 31

Serotonin is converted to ____ in the pineal gland

Answer 31

Melatonin

Question 32

secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long term memory

Answer 32

Nitric oxide

Question 33

Nitric oxide is from what amino acid?

Answer 33

Arginine

Question 34

Histamine is located mainly in the ____ in the CNS

Answer 34

Tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 35

GAba comes from

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

Action of GABA a and GABA b?

Answer 36

Gaba A inc chloride influx | Gaba B potassium efflux

Question 37

Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in the spinal interneurons

Answer 37

Glycine

Question 38

Typical RMP

Answer 38

-70mV

Question 39

Threshold voltage for depolarization

Answer 39

-40mv

Question 40

Give examples of sodium channel blockers of neurons

Answer 40

Tetradotoxin | Saxitoxin

Question 41

Giv examples of potassiu channel blocker of neurons

Answer 41

Tetraethyl ammonium

Question 42

2 types of refactory periods

Answer 42

Absolute and relative

Question 43

Ionic basis of absolute refractory period

Answer 43

No action potential can occur unless sodium inactivation gates open

Question 44

RRP is due to the

Answer 44

Prolonged opening of K channels

Question 45

When a cell is depolarized slowly such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential

Answer 45

Accommodation

Question 46

Effect of hypokalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart

Answer 46

Hyperpolarization

Question 47

Effect of hyperkalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart

Answer 47

Cell is more depolarizable

Question 48

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell

Answer 48

Excitatory post synaptic potential

Question 49

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarizes the post synaptic cell

Answer 49

IPSPs

Question 50

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at the postsynaptic cell simultaneously

Answer 50

Spatial summation Potentials are on the same "space"

Question 51

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

Answer 51

Temporal summation

Question 52

Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected

Answer 52

Nerve facilitation

Question 53

Increased release of NT and inc sensitivity to the NT

Answer 53

Long term potentiation

Question 54

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

Answer 54

Synaptic fatigue

Question 55

Vasomotor center, respiratory DRG, VRG, swallowing, coughing, vomiting centers

Answer 55

Medulla (think of medullary syndromes)

Question 56

Micturition, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

Answer 56

Pons

Question 57

Memory is accelerated and potentiated by

Answer 57

Rehearsal

Question 58

In memory, hippocampal lesions cause ___ while thalamic lesions cause ___

Answer 58

Hippocampal - anterograde amnesia | Thalamic - retrograde amnesia

Question 59

Major parts of the limbic system

Answer 59

``` Hypothalamus Reward and punsihment centers Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic cortex ```

Question 60

Name the part of the limbic system Produces mainly oxytocin

Answer 60

Paraventricular nuclei "Para sa voobs"

Question 61

Name the part of the limbic system Produces mainly vasopressin

Answer 61

Supraoptic nuclei

Question 62

Name the part of the limbic system Satiety center

Answer 62

Ventromedial nuclei "Vutsog"

Question 63

Name the part of the limbic system Hunger center

Answer 63

Lateral nuclei "Lamon"

Question 64

Name the part of the limbic system Sweating/heat release

Answer 64

Anterior hypothalamus

Question 65

Name the part of the limbic system Shivering, heat conservation

Answer 65

Posterior hypothalamus

Question 66

Name the part of the limbic system Reward center

Answer 66

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 67

Name the part of the limbic system Punishment center

Answer 67

Central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius

Question 68

Name the part of the limbic system Social inhibition

Answer 68

Amygdala

Question 69

Which is more powerful in creating new memories? Reward or fear and punishment?

Answer 69

Fear and punishment

Question 70

Master clock

Answer 70

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 71

Stages of EEG changes in slow wave sleep

Answer 71

Stage N1 - Alpha waves Stage N2 - Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes Stage N3 - delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles

Question 72

Waves present in REM

Answer 72

Beta waves

Question 73

Sources of energy of the brain

Answer 73

Glucose and ketone bodies

Question 74

Total csf in the brain

Answer 74

150ml

Question 75

Circumventricular organs (no blood brain barrier)

Answer 75

Some areas of the hypothalamus Pineal gland Area postrema

Question 76

Mnemonic for autonomic nervous sytem tracts

Answer 76

PLASMA ``` Parasympa Long preganglionic Ach used Short postganglionic Muscarinic receptors Ach used ```

Question 77

Synpathetic nervous system with muscrinic receptors are found in the

Answer 77

Piloerector muscle | And some blood vessels

Question 78

Adrenoceptor with IP3 as secondary messenger

Answer 78

Alpha 1

Question 79

Moa of alpha 2 adrenoceptors

Answer 79

INHIBITION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE, dec CAMP