✅1.6 PHYSIOLOGY - Hema Flashcards
(139 cards)
0
Q
Examples of alpha globulins
A
Proteases, antiproteases, transport proteins
1
Q
3 types of globulins
A
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
2
Q
Examples of beta globulins
A
Transferrin and other transport proteins
3
Q
Examples of gamma globulins
A
Immunoglobulins
4
Q
Process of forming blood cells in the bone marrow
A
Haemopoeisis
5
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week AOG
A
Yolk sac/ Aortic Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region
6
Q
Site of blood cell formation from the 3rd month AOG to birth
A
Liver with minor contributions from the spleen, LN
7
Q
Only source of blood cells postnatally
A
Bone marrow
8
Q
Age group where all bone marrow are active
A
Birth to puberty
9
Q
Age group where only bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, and pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of the humerus are active
A
Age 20 (remaining bone marrow, fatty, yellow, inactive)
10
Q
Post embryonic extramedullary hematopoeisis in full term infant is always
A
Abnormal
11
Q
Most abundant of blood cells
A
RBCs
12
Q
How does RBC act as an acid base buffer?
A
It contains carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid or H2CO3
13
Q
The carbonic anydrase buffer system is important because
A
- It allows about 70% of CO2 to be transported in blood plasma from tissue cells to the lungs in the form of HCO3
2 Serves as an important buffer in extracellular fluid
14
Q
The normal biconcave disc shape of RBC is due to
A
Spectrin
15
Q
Composition of hemoglobin
A
4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)
16
Q
Composition of fetal hemoglobin
A
2 alpha and 2 gamma
17
Q
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?
A
4
18
Q
How many O2 molecules can myoglobin molecules bind?
A
1
19
Q
Most common hemoglobin in adults
A
Hemoglobin A
20
Q
Essential metalic component of heme
A
Iron
21
Q
Total iron in the body
A
4-5g
22
Q
Vitamin required for the absorption of iron
A
Vitamin C
23
Q
Iron and vitamin c are absorbed in the
A
Duodenum
24
#1 storage protein for iron in the liver
ferritin
25
Supplemental storage for iron
Hemosiderin
26
Other name for hemosiderin laden macrophages
Heart failure cells
27
Last nucleated stage of RBC
Orthochromatic erythroblast
28
First non-nucleated RBCs
Reticulocytes
29
Reticulocytes take how many days to mature
1-2 days
30
How many liters of water is absorbed in the large intestine?
1.5 L
31
Substances exclusively absorbed in the ileum
Vit ADEK, IF, B12, Bile salts
32
Substances absorbed in the jejunum
CArbs, fat, CHON, H20
33
Only valid indication for stem cell therapy
Leukemia and lymphoma
34
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
35
Effect of EPO will manifest after how many days?
5 days
36
Characteristics of mature RBCs
No nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER
37
Lifespan of adult RBCs
120 days
38
Life span of fetal RBCs
90 days
39
Intravascular destruction of RBCs happen here
Spleen
40
Extravascular destruction of RBC is due to
Macrophages
41
Fate of heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
42
Nutrients essential in DNA synthesis
Folic acid, vit B12
43
Megaloblastic anemia + neural deficits
Vit B12 deficiency
44
Megaloblastic anemia + neural tube disorders
Folic acid deficiency
45
Needed to absorb vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
46
Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid cells
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
47
Agranulocytes
Monocytes, lymphocytes
48
Site of production of granulocytes and monocytes
Bone marrow
49
Site of production of lymphocytes and plasma cells
LN, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches
50
Lifespan of granulocytes
4-8 hrs in blood, 4-5 days in tissues (shortened in infection)
51
Lifespan of monocytes
10-20 hrs in blood
| For several months in tissues
52
Lifespan of lymphocytes
Weeks to months
53
Most common WBC
Neutrophils
54
Prominent feature of neutrophils
Highly lobulated nucleus
55
Involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Eosinophils
56
Stains bright red with eosin dye
Eosinophils
57
WBCs with bilobed nucleus
Eosinophils and basophils
58
Least common type of WBC
Basophils
59
Tissue "basophils"
Mast cells
60
Basophils produce
Histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin
61
Largest WBC
Monocytes
62
Monocytes in the tissue are called
Macrophages
63
Prominent feature of monocytes
Eccentrically placed nucleus
64
Platelets are from
Megakaryocytes
65
Life span of platelets
7-10 days
66
2nd most common type WBC
Lymphocytes
67
Cells of adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
68
Smallest of WBC
Lymphocytes
69
What does "CD" mean?
Cluster of differentiation
70
Prominent feature of lymphocytes
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm
71
Which can pahgocytize more bacteria? Neutrophils or macrophages?
Macrophages - up to 100 bacteria
| Neutrophils - 3-20 bacteria
72
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a chemical signal
Chemotaxis
73
Criteria for diapedesis
Invasion of the basement membrane
74
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury
Diapedesis
75
In tissue injury, ____ cells will release histamin causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells
76
1st line of defense in injury
Tissue macrophages
77
2nd line of defense
Neutrophils
78
3rd line of defense
Monocytes
Can be converted to tissue macrophage
79
Monocyte activation can take up to
8 hours
80
4th line of defense
Increase monocyte and granulocyte production by the BM
Mediated by: TNF, Il-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
81
The 4th line of defense take up to
3-4 days
82
Antibodies constitute how many percent of plasma proteins?
20%
83
2 parts of an antibody
Variable portion
| Constant portion
84
Most abundant antibody (75%)
IgG
85
Smallest antibody, only one able to cross the placenta
IgG
86
Antibody in secondary response
IgG
87
Antibody in primary response
IgM
88
Largest antibody
IgM
89
Main immunoglobulin in secretions
IgA
90
Mechanism of action of antibodies
Direct and indirect
91
Direct mechanism of action of antibodies include
Agglutination
Precipitation
Neutralization
Lysis
92
The complement system is responsible for 3 things
Opsonization
MAC
Stimulate inflammation
93
Most numerous of Tcells
Helper T cell
94
T helper cells
CD and MHC?
CD4 MHCII
95
Cytotoxic T cell
CD and MHC?
CD8 and MHC I
96
Cytotoxic T cells create holes through
Perforins
97
Targets of CD8 cells
Virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells
98
Macrophages present antigens to Helper T cells with what interleukin?
Il-1
99
T helper cells call B cells by which interleukins?
IL 4, 5, 6
100
t helper cells call CD8, supressor Tc, and memory t cells by which IL?
Il-2
101
Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person's own body tissue.
Suppressor T cells
102
Rhesus antigen
Antigen D
103
Blood type A antigen
n acetyl galactosamine
104
Type B antigen
Galactose
105
Determined by genotype from mom and dad
Agglutinogen
106
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria
Agglutinins
107
Agglutinin production start at
2-8 months of age
108
Self organ transplantation
Autograft
109
Same species transplantation
Allograft
110
Twin transplantation
Isograft/syngeic graft
111
Transplant from other species
Xenograft
112
Isograft rejection percentage?
0%
113
Events in hemostasis
Vascular constriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation
Resolution
114
Vasoconstricting agent in injury
Endothelin 1
115
Mediators of platelet adhesion
VWF
| gp1b
116
Mediators of platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen
| GpIIb-IIIa
117
Pathway activated due to trauma to the vascular walls and is faster and more explosive
Extrinsic pathway
118
Pathway activated due to trauma of the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls
Intrinsic
119
Extrinsic pathway is initiated by
Tissue factor
120
Thrombin causes positive feedback via the activation of
Factor V
121
The intrinsic pathway is initiated by
Factor XII and platelets
122
Which clotting factors are common to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
V and X
123
Factor I
Fibrinogen
124
Factor II
Prothrombin
125
Factor III
Tissue factor, tissue thromboplastin
126
Factor IV
Calcium
127
Factor V
Proaccelerin, labile factor, Ac globulin
128
Factor VII
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator, proconvertin, stable factor
129
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic factor, antihemophilic factor A
130
Factor IX
Plasma thromboplastin component
Christmas factor
Anyihemophilic factor B
131
Factor X
Stuart factor
| Stuart prower factor
132
Factor XI
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
| Antihemophilc factor C
133
Factor XII
Hageman factor
134
Factor XIII
Fibrin stabilizing factor
135
Prekallikrein
Fletcher factor
136
HMW kininogen
Fritzgerald factor
137
Other name for plasmin
Fibrinolysin
138
Most crucial event in wound healing
Hemostasis
