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From Flashcardlet > A+P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A+P Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic functions of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis

A
  • Sensory
  • integration
  • motor
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2
Q

Classify the organs of the nervous system (2)

A
  • CNS- Central Nervous-brain+spinal chord (integrating mental processes)
    • No Nerves
  • PNS- Peripheral Nervous
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3
Q

Afferent System

A
  • impulses traveling toward the CNS
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4
Q

efferent

A
  • Impulses traveling away from the CNS,
  • or motor.
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5
Q

somatic

A
  • impulses are going to your skeletal muscle (sensory/afferent)
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6
Q

visceral

A
  • impulses are going to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands
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7
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A
  • Dendtrite
  • Cell Body
  • Axon
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8
Q

Dendtrite

A
  • receiving end or receptor end, may have many dendrites
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9
Q

Cell body

A
  • location of the organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria.
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10
Q

Axon

A
  • conducting end. The enlarged ends are called Presynaptic Terminals.
  • sending messages away from the cell body.
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11
Q

Nuclei

A
  • a clump of cell bodies of neurons in the CNS
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12
Q

Ganglia

A
  • clumps of cell bodies in the PNS
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13
Q

White Matter

A
  • Myelinated
  • Axons that make up white matter are nerve tracts.
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14
Q

Myelinated

A
  • send nerve impulses MUCH faster than unmyelinated.
  • a fatty substance wrapped in layers around an axon.
  • made by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.
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15
Q

Unmyelinated

A
  • current flows all the way along the axon.
  • A series of action potentials travel along the neuron at about 2 mph
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16
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • action potentials occur at the nodes of Ranvier
  • current jumps from node to node
  • fast, up to 250 + mph.
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17
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • only in PNS
  • make regeneration tube
  • any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the PNS and forms the myelin sheath
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18
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • astrocytes
  • a poison would not go directly to astrocyte before brain
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19
Q

neuroglia

A
  • half of nervous tissue is supportive cells
  • Example- Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.
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20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • similar to an astrocyte but with fewer protuberances,
  • concerned with the production of myelin in the CNS
  • form sheats around axons
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21
Q

Define nerve. Where are nerves located

A
  • Groups of Axons Nerves,
  • transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.
  • found only in the PNS
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22
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • has two extensions
  • sensory, example Vetibulortrochlear nerve
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23
Q

multipolar neuron

A
  • most common (e.g. motor neurons)
  • have numerous dendrites and one axon;
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24
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A
  • have one extension that branches into the dendrite and the axon
  • found in sensory neurons
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25
Q

a membrane potential

A
  • A charge difference in the outside vs. the inside of a cell
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26
Q

how the Na+/K+ pump contributes to the resting membrane potential

A
  • 3Na + out for every 2K+,
  • contributing to the negativity in the cell
  • some K+ ions diffuse to immediately outside the plasma membrane.
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27
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • Na+ ion are OPEN and inactivation gates are CLOSED.
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28
Q

What is the approximate voltage of a neuron’s resting membrane potential?

A
  • -70mV,
  • much more negative inside of the cell
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29
Q

the factors that contribute to establishing the resting membrane potential

A
  • NA/K Pump
  • Differential Permeability
  • K diffusion
  • Na diffusion
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30
Q

Na/K Pump

A
  • are fixed anions part of the interior of cell
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31
Q

K Diffusion

A
  • can diffuse across membrane
  • negative fixed anions draw K into the cell creating an equilibrium.
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32
Q

Na diffusion

A
  • found on the outside of the cell
  • wants to diffuse in,
  • attracted in by the fixed anions,
  • CANNOT enter the cell because the membrane is not permeable to sodium
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33
Q

Depolarization

A
  • sodium is allowed to enter cell,
  • inside of cell to becomes less negative
  • require action potential
  • begins when Na+ ions move into the cell.
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34
Q

Repolarization

A
  • require action potential
  • _ K+_ ion channels open
  • Na+ ion channels close.
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35
Q

Localized depolarization/ Local Potential

A
  • sodiums enter cell due to open sodium gate, but then gates close & potential is over
  • changes in membrane permeability
  • ligands (ions) binding to their receptors
  • mechanical stimulation, changes in the charge across the plasma membrane
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36
Q

Diffusion permeability

A
  • not permeable to everything
  • unstimulated membrane is permable to K but not Na
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37
Q

Which cells have action potentials?

A
  • depolarization to threshold to postsynaptic
  • excitable cells: neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, plant cells
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38
Q

What causes sodium gates to open?

A

Some can be opened by increased voltage, others can be opened by other molecules like calcium.

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39
Q

What does threshold mean in terms of Sodium?

A
  • so much sodium comes in that you reach a level called threshold
  • becomes a positive feedback cycle, more sodium gates open until it becomes positive inside of the cell.
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40
Q

How long are sodium gates open?

A
  • Brief, strong spring, shuts it right away
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41
Q

How long are potassium gates open?

A
  • long time
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42
Q

What does potassium do when sodium gate closes?

A
  • wants to leave because;
    • concentration reasons
    • like charges are repelled by each other
  • the repolarization portion of the action potential.
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43
Q

how the sodium and potassium concentrations return to the levels of an unstimulated neuron,

A
  • Na/K pump follows action potential
  • -sodium exits the cell and potassium enters the cell. 3/2 ratio
  • Active transport, ATP required
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44
Q

factors that determine the speed of impulse conduction

A
  • the presence of myelin.
  • more myelin, the faster.
  • Increased temperature increases impulse conduction.
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45
Q

all-or-none principle of nerve impulse transmission

A
  • Either an action potential reaches threshold or it doesn’t.
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46
Q

why normal nerve impulses tend to be unidirectional

A
  • They START at one end of the neuron & therefore can only go in one direction
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47
Q

Synapse

A
  • the junction between adjacent neurons.
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48
Q

presynaptic

A
  • neuron entering the synapse
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49
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • The physical space between entrance and exit
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50
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A
  • the bubble filled with neurotransmitter in the presynaptic neuron
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51
Q

neurotransmitter

A
  • chemical released that bridges the synapse.
  • Examples of: glutamate, norepinephrine, acetylcholine,dopamine
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52
Q

Action of Neurotransmitter

A
  • diffuse across the synapse.
  • There are receptors at the postsynaptic neuron
  • leads to depolarization in the postsynaptic neuron because their sodium gates are chemical regulated
  • Example Acetylcholine
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53
Q

EPSP

A
  • Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
  • can produce local depolarization
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54
Q

IPSP

A
  • Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
  • don’t want to reach threshold.
  • neurotransmitter binds to receptor that open K+ ion channels,
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55
Q

catecholamine

A
  • Groups of neurons synthesized by tyrosine. Neurotransmitters
  • norepinephrine,
  • epinephrine,
    • released from adrenal medulla part of fight or flight response
  • dopamine
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56
Q

Acetylocholinesterase

A
  • breaks down acetylcholine/ Neurotransmitters
  • most common
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57
Q

neuro modulator

A
  • Influences neurotransmitter (add more or block)
  • Example, Endorphins/Morphine- blocks pain
  • Like a pH buffer only for Neurotransmitters
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58
Q

convergence

A
  • many presynaptic neurons synapsing with one postsynaptic neuron
  • (rivers converging into one)
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59
Q

Divergence

A
  • One presynaptic neuron synapsing with
  • several postsynaptic neuron
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60
Q

Temporal summation

A
  • summation in time
  • 1 presynaptic neuron transmitting frequent action potentials to postsynaptic
  • Divergence
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61
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • space. Convergence where each presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter going to the post synaptic neuron.
  • All of the pre’s will add their neurotransmitter
  • enough to reach threshold in the postsynaptic neuron.
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62
Q

Define receptor and how a stimulus leads to a nerve impulse. How we can distinguish a weak from a strong stimulus

A
  • The dendrite is the receiving end of the neuron.
  • Takes stimulus and turn it into depolarization.
  • more dendrites stimulated, stronger stimulus
  • strong stimulus send a high frequency of impulses to the brain
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63
Q

Describe adaptation. Which sensation does not adapt?

A
  • Pain does not adapt. Unchanging stimulus, receptors adapt, or stop responding
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64
Q

Effector

A
  • Effector- The stopping point for the neuron - such as a muscle or a gland
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65
Q

If all action potentials are all or none how do you know intensity? (2)

A

Number, Frequency,

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66
Q

Spinal Cord, location/definition

A
  • Central nervous System
  • Vertebral Foramen, Foramen magnum to L2
  • communication link between brain and PNS (inferior head).
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67
Q

Spinal Nerver are in what location

A
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • in/out of Spinal Cord
  • 31 Pair (left & Right)
  • Inferior nerves resemble horse tail
  • CAuda Equina
68
Q

Function of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

A
  • carry messages to anf from brain
  • spinal reflexes
69
Q

Meninges

A
  • Protectve membraes of CNS, Meninx is singular
  • Surrounding spinal cord
  • Include, Duramater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
70
Q

Duramater

A
  • Mother Durable
  • Outermost membrane (epidural space, given at L2, ABOVE duramater)
71
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • Middle
  • Spider web like layer
  • Subarachnoid space
72
Q

Subarachnoid space

A
  • Below/Inside, closer to spinal
  • Location of CSF- CerebroSpinal Fluid
73
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • innermost deliacte layer
  • Delicate mother
74
Q

Makes up Gray Matter

A
  • Central Canal
  • Posterior/Anterior Horns
  • Dorsal/Ventral Nerve Fibers
75
Q

Action Potential occurs when

A
  • local potential reaches threshold
76
Q

Cortex

A
  • Outer layer of gray matter
77
Q

Spinal Nerve

A
  • Part of peripheral nervous system taking messages to and from spinal cord.
  • mixed, carrying both sensory and motor info
78
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • lower end of the spinal column,consists of nerve roots & rootlets from above.
  • cerebrospinal fluid is present is an extension of the subarachnoid space.
79
Q

Function of the spinal chord

A
  • Carry messages to and from brain, and
  • spinal reflexes.
80
Q

Location of Spinal Cord

A
  • Vertebral foramen/canal.
  • foramen magnum to L2.
81
Q

significance of the two spinal cord enlargements

A
  • Arms & legs
  • nerves entering & exiting spinal cord
82
Q

the protective coverings of the CNS

A
  • General is meninges, specific is dura mater (outermost), arachnoid, then pia mater.
83
Q

location of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A
  • Subarachnoid space
84
Q

Where are Epidurals given

A
  • outside of the dura mater.
  • L2 or below
85
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A
  • The lateral,
  • dorsal (posterior)
  • ventral (anterior) columns
86
Q

Ascending & Descending Tracts

A
  • Ascending= toward brain, sensory
  • descending= away, motor
87
Q

Reflex

A
  • a fast repetitive response to a stimulus.
  • Involuntary i.e. not at the conscious level
88
Q

spinal reflex

A
  • Any reflex action mediated through a center of the spinal cord.
  • Ex: Maintaining balance while walking
89
Q

somatic reflex

A
  • terminates in skeletal muscle
  • effectors/motor are skeletal muscles,
  • e.g., the patellar reflex, the flexor or withdrawal reflex, the crossed extensor reflex, the plantar reflex, the abdominal reflexes
90
Q

autonomic reflex

A
  • terminates in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
  • contro blood pressure, heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, and urination.
91
Q

generalized reflex arc: SEQUENCE

A
  1. Stimulus - Receptor -
  2. ascending sensory neuron - CNS (spinal cord)
  3. descending motor neuron
  4. effector
92
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

93
Q

synapse

A
  • a junction between two nerve cells,
  • a minute gap across, impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
  • one synapse (monosynapse is quicker)
  • poly=synapsing on interneurons before synapsing on the motor neuron
94
Q

patellar reflex

A
  • monosynaptic and ipsilateral.
95
Q

the withdrawal (flexor) reflex

A
  • spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli.
  • example is when a person touches something hot and withdraws their hand from the hot object.
96
Q

crossed-extensor reflex

A
  • think pin prick
  • flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax,
  • while in the other limb, the opposite occurs
  • contralateral
97
Q

Define plexus

A
  • Network of successive spinal nerves
  • Appear tangled
  • 4 types: Cervical; Brachial, Lumbar and Sacral
98
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • C1-C4
99
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • C5-T1
100
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • L1-4
101
Q

Sacral

A
  • L4-S4
102
Q

Radial Nerve

A
  • Brachial plexus
  • innervates pectoral limb extensors
103
Q

Ulnar nerve

A
  • Brachial plexus
  • innervates distal medial flexors
104
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • Brachial plexus
  • innervates elbow flexors
105
Q

Median nerve

A
  • Brachial plexus
  • innervates distal lateral flexors
106
Q

Femoral nerve

A
  • Lumbar plexus
  • innervates hip flexors and knee extensors
107
Q

Sciatic nerve

A
  • Sacral plexus
  • innervates knee flexors (hamstrings)
  • all distal to your knee.
108
Q

Phrenic nerve

A
  • Cervical plexus
  • innervates your diaphragm
  • needed to breathe
109
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities in the brain

110
Q

Location of Ventricles

A
  1. Cerebrum- Lateral Ventricles
  2. Diencephalon- 3rd ventricles
  3. Brainstem- 4th Ventricle
111
Q

How Ventricles interconnect

A
  1. lateral & third: through interventricular foramen
  2. third & fourth: through the cerebral aqueduct.
112
Q

Formation of CSF

A
  • from blood in choroid plexus which line the ventricles (especially lateral ventricles)
113
Q

CSF Circulation

A
  • lateral & third: through interventricular foramen
  • third & fourth: through the cerebral aqueduct.
  • then in the subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord.
114
Q

Function of CSF

A
  • Cushion
  • nourishment
  • transport of nutrients/waste
115
Q

4 main parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
  4. diencephalon
116
Q

3 parts of the brain stem and describe their locations

A
  1. Medulla oblongata is most inferior
  2. pons is just above (medulla)
  3. mesencephalon is above the pons
117
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the brain stem?

A

III-XII

118
Q

why the right cerebrum controls left muscular movements of the body.

A
  • At the pyramids the pathways (both motor and sensory) cross to the other side of the body.
119
Q

functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  • Connects brain/spinal cord,
  • vital functions-breathing, blood pressure and heart functions,
  • houses reticular activating system
  • causes awake when stimulated
  • Reflexes- swallowing, vomiting…
120
Q

function of the reticular formations (Reticular Activating System).

A
  • controls consciousness
  • sleep
121
Q

pons.

A
  • Bridges the parts of the brain - cerebellum & medulla.
  • helps regulate breathing.
122
Q

parts of the mesencephalon (3)

A
  1. Cerebral peduncles
  2. Superior colliculi
  3. inferior colliculi
123
Q

the 2 main components of the diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. The hypothalamus
124
Q

Thalamus

A
  • sensory relay center.
  • All sensory info except smell.
125
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • below thalamus.
  • center for homeostasis-hunger, thirst, temperature,
  • regulates the autonomic nervous system,
  • emotions such as rage
126
Q

cerebral cortex.

A
  • Gray matter (outer cerebrum) of cerebrum.
127
Q

gyrus/convolution

A
  • bump or fold of the cerebrum
128
Q

The sulcus

A
  • dip between the convolutions
129
Q

Cerebrum Fissure

A
  • a big dip
130
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum.

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Temporal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipita {POFT}
131
Q

3 fiber tracts in the white matter of the cerebrum

A
  1. Commissural fibers
  2. Association
  3. Projection
132
Q

Name the furrow that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. How are these hemispheres internally connected

A
  • Longitudinal fissure.
  • internally connected by corpus callosum.
133
Q

surface layer of gray matter of the cerebrum. Name the gray matter just deep to this

A
  • Cerebral cortex,
  • Basal nuclei which “fine tunes” motor activity
134
Q

the 9 main functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Motor
  2. Premotor
  3. motor speech area
  4. General sensory,
  5. Hearing
  6. Olfaction
  7. Vision
  8. Association areas
  9. thought
135
Q

Voluntary Movement

A

Motor

136
Q

Repetitive Movement

A

Pre-motor

137
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor Speech Area

138
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory, Taste

139
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing & Olfaction

140
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vission

141
Q

All Lobes

A
  • Association areas responsible for intelligence and thought
142
Q

basal nuclei.

A
  • smoothing out motor activity
143
Q

limbic system

A
  • Cerebrum/diencephalon.
  • Emotions related to survival
  • finding sex pleasurable relates to the survival of humans.
144
Q

left brain controls

A
  • right hand
  • speech
  • analytical skills
145
Q

right brain controls

A
  • artistic abilities
  • thinking in 3-D
  • left hand.
146
Q

cerebellum

A
  • control of coordination and equilibrium
147
Q

furrow that divides the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

A
  • transverse fissure separates it from cerebrum
148
Q

Mixed Nerve

A
  • sensory and motor info.
  • all are mixed except I, II, VIII.
149
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • learn functions of each.
  • O3T2-AFV-GVAH
150
Q

sensory pathways to the brain

A
  • Ascending
  • crosses to the other side at the pyramids
151
Q

pyramids

A

The ventral portion of the medulla oblongata contains medullary pyramids

152
Q

motor pathways AWAY from the brain

A
  • Descending. goes through the pyramids,
  • Crosses other side body
  • consists of two neurons, the UMN & LMN
153
Q

UMN

A
  • in the CNS
  • Upper Motor Neuron
154
Q

LMN

A
  • Lower Motorn Neuron
  • going to the effector in the PNS
155
Q

corticospinal pathway

A
  • descending motor pathway
  • begins at cerebral cortex, decussates in pyramids of the lower medulla, and proceeds down contralateral side of the spinal cord
156
Q

Ipsilateral Polysynaptic Pathway

A
  • If it does NOT go through the pyramids,
  • involved more with posture, rather than voluntary movement
157
Q

mechanisms of memory

A
  1. Anatomical changes
  2. synapse changes
  3. more synaptic pathways
  4. more neurotransmitter.
158
Q

End Plate Potential

A

Depolarization in effector

159
Q

Which nerves orginate at the Brachial Plexus? (4)

A
  1. Musco
  2. Ulnar
  3. Median
  4. Radial
160
Q

Which nerves innervate knee flexors? (2)

A
  1. Femoral
  2. Sciatic
161
Q

Comissural Fibers

A
  • Corpos Callosum
  • One Hemisphere to Another
162
Q

Association Fibers

A

Interconnect within a lobe

163
Q

Projection Fibers

A
  • Ascending Sensory Pathways
  • Descending Motor Pathways
164
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Descending Motor Pathways

165
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Visual Reflex

166
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Auditory Reflexes

From Flashcardlet (35 decks)

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