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From Flashcardlet > Micro Exam 1 Answers > Flashcards

Micro Exam 1 Answers Flashcards

1
Q

Electron micrographs have higher resolution at highet mag, than those in light microscopes because

A
  • Wavelength, shorter
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2
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

utilize INORGANIC compouds as electon donor

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3
Q

Size of E.coli

A

1 x 2 um

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4
Q

Metric Table

A
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5
Q

What does Protein contain?

A

alpha helices

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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • major building block for phospholipid bilayer
  • cell membrane
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7
Q

Biochemical Reactions that require energy

A

Catabolism

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8
Q
A
  1. Peptidoglycan
  2. Periplasm
  3. Nam/Nag
  4. Cytoplasmic Membrane
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9
Q

What powers ATP synthase

A
  • the flow of protons through ATP sythase
  • ADP and inorganic phosphate
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10
Q

NADH

A

has the most negative Eo’ and greatest capacity to donate electrons

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11
Q

Redox Tower. Best electron DONOR lies

A
  • at the top of the tower
  • Oxidized on left/Reduced on Right
  • more energy further down the tower
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12
Q

Autotroph (short answer)

A
  • uses CO2 as sole carbon source
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13
Q

Eukaryotes has

A
  • nucleus
  • organelles
  • 80 S Ribosomes
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14
Q

6 parts of Prokaryotic Cell

A
  1. Ribosomes 70S
  2. Pilus
  3. Storage Granule,
  4. Cytoplasmic Membrane,
  5. Nucleotide,
  6. Flagellum {RPS-CNF}
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15
Q

What happens to transporter protein during transport

A
  • locaed in cytoplasmic membrane are an internteral membrane protein.
  • OPEN UP LIKE A GATE
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16
Q
A

ATP

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17
Q

??Big Bucket Little Buckets??

A
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18
Q

3 Types of Pilli ????

A
  1. Conjugative
  2. Type IV
  3. Fimbriae
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19
Q

For every NADH that enters the elctron transport chain

A

3 ATP are generated

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20
Q

For every FADH2 that enters the ETC

A
  • 2 ATP generated
  • FADH2 enters latere, because it is more positive eo prime
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21
Q

Why do organims that undergo anerobic respiration generate fewer molecules of ATP per glucose molecule?

A
  • no oxygen
  • no mitochondria present
  • glycolysis and fermentation
  • energy is being converted to NAD
  • stored in NADH + FADH2
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22
Q

Net ATP for Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

A

38

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23
Q

Glycolysis Net

A

2

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24
Q

Citric Acid Cycle- ATP Net

A

2

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25
Q

Electron Transport Chain Net

A

34

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26
Q

How H2S and inorganic sulfur were used to generate ATP in bacteria that Winogradsky was styding

A
  • electrons get kicked off
  • anaerobic digestion
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27
Q

???? Why have prokaryotes remained small ????

A

*

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28
Q

How proton motive force produces ATP?

A
  • chemiosmosis
  • movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.
  • Hydrogen ions (protons) will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration
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29
Q

Who? A Particular Diseas was caused by a specific microbe

A

Koch

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30
Q

Who discovered Chemolithotrophy + Nitrogen Fixation

A

Winogradsky

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31
Q

Highest percentage of weight of a bacterial cell

A

carbon

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32
Q

What color would gram positive appear if left out the safranin step?

A

purplish blue

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33
Q

Reproduce asexually and no known species form spores

A

Archaea

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34
Q

Psychrophile

A

Low Temp env’ts.

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35
Q

What happens during gram staining

A
  • Gram-positive retain the initial violet stain
  • gram-negative organisms are decolorized by the organic solvent and hence show the pink counterstai
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36
Q

Who discovered a disease was caused by a microbe?

A

Koch

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37
Q

What is the process called when nitrogen is removed from the atmoshpere and creates ammonia?

A

Nitrogen Fixation

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38
Q

The oxidation of inorganic compounds

A

Chemolithotrophy

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39
Q

Barophile

A

high pressure.

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40
Q

What defines a prokaryote

A
  • no cell nucleus
  • no organelles
  • archaea included
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41
Q

Sequence of rRNA phylogenetic tree

A
  1. Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
  2. all diverged from a common unversual ancestor
42
Q

Obtain energy by oxidizing ORGANIC compounds

A

chemoorganotrophs

43
Q

Electron micrographs can achieve higher resolution at higher magnification than light micrographs because..

A

electrons have a shorter wavelength than light

44
Q

Who disapproved of spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

45
Q

If the numerical aperture of an objective lens is 1.50. Wavelength is 550 nm. What is the size of the smallest object that can be resolved using objective lens? (formula)

A

(.5)(550nm)/1.5=

46
Q

peptide bonds definition

A

attach to amino acds to form a protein

47
Q

Halophile.

A

Salt.

48
Q

Enzyme that cleaves Nam/Nag bonds

A

lysozyme

49
Q

How are reaction catalyzed?

A

enzymes decrease activation energy for chemical reactions

50
Q

Utilize INORGANIC compounds as in the INITIAL electron donor

A

chemolithotrophs

51
Q

What is present in Gram Positive, but absent in Gram Negative

A

teichoic acid

52
Q

causes high fevers in gram negative

A

lipopolysaccharide

53
Q

Who developed cell theory and the microsope

A

Hooke

54
Q

Largest phylum of bacteria

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Gram -
  • Chemoorganotroph
55
Q

Alkaliphile

A

high pH.

56
Q

Which can make spores? Gram - or Gram +

A

Gram Positive

57
Q

3 Microbes in Archaea

A

1) Methanogens 2) Halophiles 3) Thermacidophiles

58
Q

The majority of prokaryotic microbes reside in..

A

the ocean and terrestrial sub-surfaces

59
Q

An S-Layer is most common type of cell wall in

A

Archaea

60
Q

What do Gram Negs have that Gram Pos do not

A
  • Porin protein,
  • lipopolysaccharide,
  • outer membrane,
  • periplasmic space.
61
Q

What does a capsule protect a bacteria from?

A

phagycytosis

62
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

High temp env’ts.

63
Q

What 3 things give rigitdty and stability to membranes?

A
  1. hopanoids
  2. cholesterol
  3. ergosterol
64
Q

Spirochetes have this ( ) spirilli do not

A

internal endoglagella

65
Q

Catabolism Definition

A

collection of reactions that Require Energy

66
Q

Archaea Membranes

A

contain phytanyl rather than fatty acids

67
Q

Where are porins found

A

outer membrane of Gram Negative

68
Q
A
  1. hydrophillic
  2. hydrophobic
69
Q

Acidophile.

A

low pH.

70
Q
  • Mannitol Salt Agar
  • a) Enriched
  • b) Nutrient
  • c) Selective
  • d) Differential + selective
A

D) Differential + Selective

71
Q

Which method does not utilize proton motive force?

  • a) Anaerobic
  • b) Fermentation
A

b) Fermentation

72
Q

In a redox reaction NAD+/NADH which is best electron acceptor?

A

pyruvate

73
Q

On the redox tower, which is the most energetically favorable (lowest change in G)

A

the very bottom

74
Q

Microscope Used for examining layers

A

Confocal Scanning Microscopy

75
Q

Observing movement

A

dark field microscopy

76
Q

Uses a stylus to generate 3D image

A

Atomic Force Microscopy

77
Q

Examining internal structures

A

phase contrast microscopy

78
Q

ability to emit light of a wavelength when activated by light of another wavelength

A

fluorescence

79
Q

Microbe responsible for oxygenating the planet

A

Cyanobacteria

80
Q

Use CO2 as SOLE CARBON SOURCE

A

autotroph

81
Q

Thre properties that are characteristics of ALL living cells

A
  1. Metabolism/Compartmentalization
  2. Growth
  3. Evolution
82
Q

what is a type of unicellular fungus

A

yeat or mildew

83
Q

Draw a dipeptide bond

A
84
Q

What is a multicellular type of fungus

A

mushrooms or mold

85
Q

Type of
Proteobacteria (spell correctly)

A

Eschericia Coli

86
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

can use CO2 as sole energy source

87
Q

Nitrification

A
  • More Ammonia = more organic material.
  • Microbial OXIDATION of ammonia to nitrite. (get energy)
  • NH3–>NO3–>NO2.
  • ADP–>Pi–>ATP.
88
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

first to see bacteria and distinguish.Recognized common shape of bacteria

89
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A

fluorescence

90
Q

Largest phylum of bacteria

A
  • Proteobacteria.
  • Gram negative.
  • Chemoorganotrophic.
91
Q

Gram Negative

Proteobacteria Genus types (3)

A
  1. Escherichia Coli,
  2. Salmonella,
  3. Pseudomonas Spiroline (all gram negative)
92
Q

Gram Positive Genus Types (3)

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococus Pyogenes
  3. Clostridium Tetani (ALL CAN MAKE SPORES.)
93
Q

3 Groups of Microbes in Archaea

A

1) Methanogens 2) Halophiles 3) Thermacidophiles

94
Q

Two groups of Euks that lack true mitochondria

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Trichomonads/Vaginalas.
  • Have MITOSOMES instead.
95
Q

Life cycle of slime molds

A
  • motile cells aggregate, form multi-cell structure-fruiting body
  • spores are produced, yield new motile cells.
  • Slime molds are earliest branching organisms on tree.
96
Q

List ways in which microbes impact humans in positive ways

A
  • Can fix nitrogen+ sulfur.
  • Identify new disease.
  • Fermented foods-due to ethyl alcohol
  • Production of insulin through e-coli/cloning.
  • Gene therapy for certain diseases.
  • Produce biofuels
  • Microbial bio-remediation
97
Q

Pro Genome

A
  • circular
  • double stranded.
  • Haploid, one copy.
98
Q

Euk Genome

A
  • linear
  • double stranded.
  • Diploid, 2 copies.
99
Q

How microbial diversity can be examined without culturing microbes

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR, amplify small amount of DNA to much larger amounts

100
Q

Small Cell advantage (4)

A
  1. More surface area to volume, take up nutrients
  2. More membrane to generate PMF for volume
  3. More cells can be supported by limited nutrients
  4. Larger pool of potential mutations (evolution)
101
Q

Who is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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