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From Flashcardlet > AP Exam 4 > Flashcards

AP Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Efferent

A
  • 1 motor neuron
  • to skeletal muscle
  • voluntary
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (a.k.a. Visceral Efferent)

A
  • preganglionic and postganglionic neruons
  • to smooth muscle, cardiac, glands
  • Division: SNS & PNS
  • involuntary
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3
Q

3 types of Prevertebral Ganglia

A
  1. Celiac ganglion
  2. Superior Mesenteric
  3. Inferior Mesenteric

Sent to Postganglionic

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4
Q

Celia Ganglia

A
  • sends postg to UPPER ab structure (stomach liver)
  • Solar Plexes
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5
Q

Superior Mesenteric

A
  • sends postG to middle ab (small intestine)
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6
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

A
  • sends postG to lower ab/pelvic (large intestine)
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7
Q

Splanchnic Nerve

A
  • Viscera.GUTS
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8
Q

Cholinergic Fiber

A
  • pre/postganglionic are in PNS
  • Pre is only in SNS
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9
Q

Adrenergic

A
  • Postganglionic fiber is in SNS
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10
Q

Types of Autonomic Receptors

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
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11
Q

2 Types of Receptor Receiving Acetylcholine

A
  1. Muscarinic found on effectors in PNS
  2. Nicotinic found on the SNS & PNS
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12
Q

2 Types of receptors for Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

A
  1. Alpha I & 2- 1’s most common (stimulate muscles)
  2. Beta I- found in heart-stimulatory effect
    1. Beta 2- inhibitory
    2. Relaxation response of smooth muscle during fight or flight.
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13
Q

Atropine on Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • antimuscarinic
  • block PNS
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14
Q

Define Sensation

A
  • concious perception of internal/external environment
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15
Q

Receptor

A
  • receiver of stimulus (dendrite)
  • turns stimulus into electrical signal to travel along neuron
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16
Q

Generator Potential

A
  • depolarization
  • generates a change in membrane potential
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17
Q

Projection

A
  • phantom pain
  • projects sensation back as if you feel with finger not brain
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18
Q

Adaptation

A
  • all sensations accept pain
  • when stimulus is unchanging receptor stop responding
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19
Q

After Images

A
  • when receptor is still responding for a short time after stimulus is gone
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20
Q

Modality

A
  • ability to tell one sensation from another
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21
Q

Classify Receptor according to location of stimulus

A
  1. Exteroceptor
  2. Enteroceptor (internal)
  3. Proprioceptors (joins/tendons)
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22
Q

Classify receptor according to type of stimulus x4

A
  1. mechano, phys changes
  2. thermo
  3. chemo
  4. nocioceptors- pain

(TCMN)

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23
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  • sharpening sensation
  • stronger pathway inhibits weaker
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24
Q

Two Point Discrimination

A
  • 2 closely spaced points as separate points
  • denser receptors, better 2 point discrimination
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25
Q

Receptor Field

A
  • served by a receptor
  • small are sensitive (lips
  • large not sensitive, thighs
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26
Q

Touch Receptors

A
  • meissner’s/touch corpuscles
  • near surface of skin and respond to light touch
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27
Q

The pacinian or Lamellated Corpuscles

A
  • deeper
  • respond to pressure
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28
Q

Repeated stimulation of tactile receptors

A
  • leads to vibration
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29
Q

Thermoceptors

A
  • free nerve endings
  • so are pain receptors
  • if you overstimulate any receptor you can get pain (cold)
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30
Q

Referred Pain

A
  • When you interpret visceral pain incorrectly, as surface somatic pain.
  • ex: heart attack
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31
Q

Types of Proprioceptive Receptors (2)

A
  1. Muscle Spindles
  2. Golgi Tendon Organs
  • provid brain with muscle sense
  • know what body is doing w/o looking
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32
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • skeletal muscle cells with neuron ending wrapped around it
  • respond to stretch of muscle
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33
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A
  • respond to contraction of muscle
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34
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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35
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

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36
Q

4 main taste zones

A
  1. sweet, tip of tongue
  2. salt, posterior
  3. sour, on the sides
  4. bitter, back
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37
Q

Olfactory pathway

A
  • dendrites of olfactory nerves (CR 1)
  • superior nasal cavity
  • pass through olfactory formina, synapse at olfactory bulb
  • continues as olfactory tract, interpreted in temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
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38
Q

Gustatory pathway

A
  • along CNerve 7 (anterior tongue), 9 (middle tongue), 10 (back of tongue/throat)
  • interpreted in parital lobe of cerebral cortex
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39
Q

3 layers of th eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic
  2. Vascular Tunic
  3. Nervous Tunic
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40
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A
  • made of connective tissue
  • outer layer
  • includes sclera & cornea
41
Q

Vascular Tunic

A
  • Uvea contains vascular & pigmented structures
  • middle layer
  • Ciliar Body, Iris, Pupil, Choroid
42
Q

nervous tunic

A
  • inner layer
  • retina, rods, cones, optic nerve
43
Q

Iris

A
  • pigmented smooth muscle
  • regulates light from pupil
  • larger pupil lets in more light
44
Q

Retina

A
  • inner layer of the wall of eyeball
  • in receptors for vision, rods and cones
45
Q

Where is the blind spot?

A
  • optic disc
  • where nerve exits eyeball
  • no rods or cones
46
Q

The lens

A
  • posterior of iris
  • focuses through changing its shape
47
Q

Aqueous Humor

A
  • fluid anterior of lens
  • in anterior cavity
48
Q

Vitreous Humor

A
  • fluid in posterior cavity
  • posterior to lens
  • maintain shape/nourishment
49
Q

Palpebral fissure

A
  • space between upper and lower eyelids
50
Q

Medial & Lateral Commissures

A
51
Q

Caruncle

A
  • red lump at gland of medial commissure
52
Q

Tarsal Plate

A
  • eyelid making it firm
53
Q

Conjuctiva

A
  • mucous membrane lining eyelids
  • reflecting onto eyeball
54
Q

Meibomian Gland

A
  • eyelid glands making an oily substance
  • so eyes won’t stick
55
Q

Palpebrae

A
  • eyelids sebaceous ciliary gland
  • oil gland for eyelashes
56
Q

Lacrimal Appartus

A
  • makes tears/clean eye
  • superior/lateral eyeball
  • coat eyes,drain thru lacrimal puncta (medial edge of eyelids)
  • thru lacrimal canal >nasolacrimal duct > nose
57
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • rods and cones on the retina
  • rods more peripheral
  • cones more central
58
Q

Refraction

A
  • bending of light rays
  • converge on focal point
  • if they all converge on retina, you have clear vision
59
Q

Light rays are refracted (focusing)

A

by the cornea and again by the lens

60
Q

Suspensory Ligaments (focusing)

A
  • hang from ciliary body
  • attached to retina so lens can change shape
61
Q

Straight vs Curves Lens

A
  • Straight lens does not bend
  • Curves bens light rays a lot
62
Q

Emmetropia

A

20/20 vision

63
Q

Accomodation

A
  • ability to change shape lens
  • from far vision, lens=straight
  • close vision lens=curved
64
Q

Near point of vision

A
  • the closest point that you can still focus
  • very close in young, farther away in older people
65
Q

Frontal Lobe controls

A
  • voluntary fixation
  • wanting to look at something
66
Q

Occipital Lobe controls

A
  • recentering your eyes during involuntary fixation
  • when image becomes out of field of view
67
Q

Binocular Vision

A
  • each eye sees slightly different field of view
  • 3D depth
  • Depth of Field
68
Q

Diplopia

A
  • double vision
  • not coordinated
  • being drunk
69
Q

Strabismus

A
  • eyes point different direction
  • with time you fix images with one eye and the other becomes blind
70
Q

Rhodopsin

A
  • photopigment in rods
  • requires Vitamin A for synthesis
  • in Retina, humans
  • purplish red
  • light sensitive
71
Q

How photoreceptors function

A
  • turns light into depolarizatio response
  • rods respond more to grays/black/whites
  • cones to bright colors
72
Q

Neural components of Retina

A
  • rods/cones synapse with bioplar neurons which synapse with GANGLION cells
  • comprise optic nerve
73
Q

Lateral inhibition

A
  • horizontal and amacrine cells reach between pathways
  • inhibit weakly stimulated pathways
74
Q

Visual pathway

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. optic foramen
  3. crosses at optic chiasma
  4. optic tract
  5. sends message to lateral geniculate body in thalamus
  6. continues to occipital lobe of cerebral cortex for interpretation of image
75
Q

Snellen Eye Chart

A
  • visual acuity measured here
  • first number is YOU
  • second number is what the normal can see at that distance
76
Q

Direct light reflexes

A
  • ipsilateral.
  • shine light in right eye, right pupil constricts
77
Q

Indirect Light Reflexes

A
  • contralateral
  • left eye also constricts
78
Q

3 parts of the External Ear

A
  1. outer ear
  2. ear canal
  3. ear drum
79
Q

outer ear

A
  • contains pinna elastic cartilage
80
Q

Ear Canal

A
  • external auditory meatus
  • ceruminous glands- earwax
81
Q

ear drum

A
  • tympanic membrane
82
Q

Eustachian tube (auditory)

A
  • connects middle ear w/ throad
  • allows pressure release
  • so ear drums won’t explode with too much pressure
83
Q

Parts of the Middle Ear x

A
  1. ossicles
  2. malleus
  3. stapes
  4. round window
84
Q

Ossicles

A
  • vibrate
  • amplify sound waves
85
Q

Malleus

A
  • touches tympanic system
86
Q

Stapes

A
  • touches oval window
87
Q

Round window

A
  • connection between middle ear/inner ear
  • bulge in either direction, help w/ pressure in inner ear
88
Q

Parts of the Inner Ear x 4

A
  1. Osseous one
  2. Vestibule
  3. 3 Semicircular Canals
  4. Cochlea

all in temporal bone

89
Q

Osseous One

A
  • perilymph fluid
  • membranous contains endolymph for fluid
90
Q

Vestibule

A
  • body
  • lines with membranous utricule and saccule
  • detects linear acceleration
  • detects head position
91
Q

3 Semicircular Canals

A
  • bony
  • lines w/ ducts~ampulla
  • detects rotational acceleration
92
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Last boney portion
  • snail shell
  • lined w/ cochlear duct
  • receptors for hearing
93
Q

Tympanic Reflex

A
  • to protect from loss of hearing
  • stops wild vibrating of ossicles
94
Q

Locating Sound

A
  • disparity between 2 ears
  • right/left
95
Q

Sound Loudness

A
  • strength of sound wave
96
Q

Sound Pitch

A
  • frequency
97
Q

Vestibular Nystagmus

A
  • eyeball trying to fix on an object while you spin
98
Q

Whole body dynamic equilibrium

A
  • semicircular canals 90 degrees
  • Vestibule/proprioceptors
  • visual info goes to cerebelleum (balance headquarters)

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