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From Flashcardlet > Micro Practical 2 > Flashcards

Micro Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Cellular reactions
  • determine biochemical pathways
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2
Q

Biochemical Tests

A
  • performed in pure cultures
  • if it carries out the reaction than it is a specific enzyme
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3
Q

Reagants

A
  • color change pH, precipitant, bubbles
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4
Q

3 common Enzymatic Alterations of Amino Acids

A
  1. Deamination
  2. decarboyxlation
  3. R-Side Chains
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5
Q

Which bacteria did we test for the Starch Hydrolysis test? Which was +?

A
  • Bacillus Cereus +
  • Esherichia Coli
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6
Q

Hyrolysis of Cysteine

A
  • Convert Alanine to H2S
  • Deaminate of alanine to produce Ammonia + Pyruvate
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7
Q

Decarboyxlation

A
  • removal of carboxyl,
  • release CO2
  • Increase pH
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8
Q

Lysine Broth Contains 3x

A
  1. Lysine
  2. Fermentable Sugar
  3. Acidic Environment
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9
Q

Why is oil laid over broth?

A
  • to keep air out
  • encourage facultative to use anaerobic fermentation
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10
Q

What is ammonia converted to in humans

A

urea

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11
Q

Urea Reagant

A
  • phenol red
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12
Q

Carbohydrate Fermentation Reagant

A

phenol red

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13
Q

What color does urea broth turn

A

straw yellow, 6.8 pH

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14
Q

Urease convert to..

A

ammonia & CO2

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15
Q

hydrolysis

A

water, lysis, separation

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16
Q

Hydrolysis of Urea is a good test for identifying?

A
  • Proteins & Enterics
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17
Q

Which is better gelatin or agar

A

agar

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18
Q

What is gelatin good for?

A
  • differentiate bacteria that have enzymes to gisest it from bacteria that do not
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19
Q

Gelatinase

A
  • pathogens that attack connective tissue into peptides
  • proteolytic enzyme
  • can cross cell membrane
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20
Q

Positive Test for Gelatinase

A

liquefies

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21
Q

What color is a positive test for cytoseine

A

black

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22
Q

Indirect ability to digest amino acid

A

H2S

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23
Q

Common Microbial Flora of the Skin

A

Stapphylococcus + Streptococcus

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24
Q

What test is used to differentiate Strep from Staphy

A

Catalase

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25
Q

Catalase Positive

A

Microccci + Staphy

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26
Q

What test is used to differentiate staphy & Microcci

A

Oxidase Test

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27
Q

Which microbes have a colony > 1mm & carotenoid pigments

A

staphy + Micrococci

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28
Q

Bigger, not pigmented

A

streptoccus

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29
Q

Which bacteria has a positive lysis

A

Staphy

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30
Q

What is harmful about Staphy Epidermis

A
  • colonizes in catheres
  • prosthetic heart valves
  • UTI’s
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31
Q

Primary pathogen, causes boils & wounds, pnemonia, meinigitis, endocarti, enterocolitis

A

S. Aureus

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32
Q

What helps S. Aureus invade

A
  • Virulence Factors
  • proteins
  • enzymes
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33
Q

What can resist phagocytosis

A

fibrin coates S.Aureus

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34
Q

for a p200 micropipette what is the top reading value?

A

100, 10, 1

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35
Q

Mannitol

A
  • sugar alcohol
  • fermented by S. Aureus
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36
Q

What does mannitol produce

A

acid

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37
Q

Beta Hemolysis

A
  • Streptococcus
  • S.Aureus
  • can lyse RBC’s
  • clearing zone
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38
Q

Secretes

A
  • S. Aureus
  • toxins remain active after heat
  • intoxication vs infection
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39
Q

MSA contains

A

7.5 % NaCl

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40
Q

MSA is used to indetify

A

staphylococcus

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41
Q

What color in the tube is positive for a Lysine Decarboxylase?

A

purple

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42
Q

Mannitol Testing Strategies x2

A

selective + differential

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43
Q

The antibiotic on the A disk

A

bacitracin

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44
Q

Ammonia causes urea broth to turn

A

pink, alkaline

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45
Q

What is urea digestion test most useful for

A

differentiating proteus + Enterics

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46
Q

What happens to organisms that degrade DNase

A

large fragments to small fragments

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47
Q

What does a positive test break down in gelatinase?

A

gelatin into smaller polypeptide, peptides, and amino acids

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48
Q

What makes a positive gelatinase test

A

if organism can break down gelatin it turns to liquid ++, inside of tube

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49
Q

What causes an opque white precipitate

A

HCL + DNA

50
Q

for a p20 micropipette what are the values from top to bottom?

A

10, 1, .1

51
Q

Partial Lysis

A

Alpha hemolysis

52
Q

serological

A
  • based on antigens on cell’s surface
  • identification of antibodies in the serum.
  • plasma serum
53
Q

Causes strep throat

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

54
Q

Viral Titer

A
  • concentration of viral particles in a sample
  • measures load + degree of contamination
55
Q

What is the most widely used procedure for measuring viral titer

A

plaque assay

56
Q

What color are hemolysis results when it is beta?

A
  • lightened yellow and transparent
  • complete hemolysis
  • CLEAR along inoculation line
57
Q

Plaque Assay

A
  • kills host (virus). Virus concentration
  • need high concentration of cells
  • determine pfu
58
Q

Oldest known virus

A

bacteriophage

59
Q

Why is a lower concentration of agar used

A
  • so viral particles can diffuse
  • antimicrobial suscetibility test
60
Q

Why is serial dilution used

A

to determine accurate concentration

61
Q

Formula for PFU

A

plaques x DF/mL

62
Q

Commensals

A

microbe that has symbiotic relationship with our bodies

63
Q

What is another name for microbes that live on our bodies

A

resident flora, indigenous

64
Q

What color is the agar for DNase production

A

yellow agar, dark yellow innoculation line when positive

65
Q

2 Types of Symbiosis

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
66
Q

When reading the volume on the micropipette, which is the highest 10th power?

A

the top reading

67
Q

Mutualism

A

both members benefit

68
Q

Commensalism

A
  • 1 benefits
  • sometimes become pathogenic
69
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A
  • take advantage of circumstance to cause disease
  • happens when it moves
  • compromised immune system
70
Q

Reservoir of Infectious Agents

A

where microbe lives + multiplies

71
Q

Sources for nosocomial infections x2

A
  1. touching (transient)
  2. tools (fomites)
72
Q

Disinfection reduce

A

vegetation (growing)

73
Q

What type of test is the gelatinase test?

A

differential

74
Q

Static

A

inhibits microbe from growing

75
Q

Germ Theory

A
  • Some diseases are caused by infection
  • (Pasteur/Koch)
76
Q

Selective Toxicity

A
  • chemicals damage pathogens w/o damaging human tissue
77
Q

Both synthetic + natural

A

Antimicrobials

78
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • many natural.
  • Chemicals produced by microbes that inhibit growth/kill
79
Q

What is too big to be transported by membrane transporters?

A

Starch + Polysaccharides

80
Q

Types of Antibiotics

A
  • bacitracin
  • streptomycen
  • erythromycen
  • neomycen
81
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibotics

A

Gram- OR gram +

82
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

A

Gram + AND Gram -

83
Q

What color are the hemolysis results when it is alpha?

A
  • dark and greenish
  • partial hemolysis
  • pneumonia
84
Q

Which bacteria has developed resistance to penicillan

A
  • Stapphylococcus
  • can produce Beta Lactamase
85
Q

Antimicrobial suscebtibilty, which test?

A

Agar Diffusion (kirby)

86
Q

Which microorganism was positive for DNAse Production

A

Stapphyloccocus Aureus

87
Q

Which test had more of a clearing in the Kirby Bauer Test? Eschericia Coli or Staphylococcus Aureus?

A

Staphlyococcus Aureus

88
Q

What hydrolyzes amylose into glucose?

A

Amylase + Maltose

89
Q
A
  • Bacteriophage Plaque
  • Clear zones formed in a lawn of cells due to lysis by phage
90
Q
A

hemolysis blood agar, useful for streptococcal species

91
Q

What color is the hemolysis result when it is gamma?

A
  • unchanged, deep red color along innoculation line
  • entero’s
92
Q

What color is a positive test for Mannitol Salt Agar?

A
  • Red medium
  • Yellow glow around inoculation line
93
Q

What color is a positive test for Urea Digestion (Urease)?

A

Bright Pink

94
Q

What does a negative mannitol Salt agar test look like

A
95
Q

Which bacteria is a negative test for DNAse production?

A

Stapphyloccocus Epidermis

96
Q

What color is the agar for a Starch hydrolysis Test, what is positive

A

Purple, Clearing Zone

97
Q

What color is a negative test for lysine Decarboxylase?

A

grey to straw color

98
Q

What color is a negative test for Urease?

A

no color change, straw/orange

99
Q

What do we use for a cystein desulfhydase test?

A

Peptone Iron Agar

100
Q

What is a positive test for Cystein Desulfydase?

A
  • Long black line in tube of precipitate
  • Citrobacter +
  • Negative was e.coli
101
Q

Immunoglobind produced by B-lymph removed by phagocytes

A

Antibodies

102
Q

Aquired Immunity

A

antibodies against a specifice antien after exposure to antigen for the FIRST TIME

103
Q

Allergic reactions

A

antigenic

104
Q

Immunological Memory

A

next time encouters the antigen, fast and more robust

105
Q

Serology

A

study of antigen antibody

106
Q

Plasma is

A

a liquid inculding clotting proteins

107
Q

Serum

A

clear liquid of blood remains after clotting

108
Q

Titer

A
  • quantifiable amount.
  • Reciprocoal of most dilute antibody concentration
  • serum that produces detectable immune response
109
Q

Latent Period

A

primary resopnse, little antibody, lymphoid

110
Q

active period

A

primary response, antigen specific

111
Q

a plasma cell secretes

A

antibodies

112
Q

Memory cells..

A

drive secondary response after 2nd exposure to antigen

113
Q

Anamnestic Response

A

Titer Increases rapidly and higher level that primary response

114
Q

Widal Test

A

slide agglutination to diagnose Salmonella infections

115
Q

Susceptible

A
116
Q

Intermediate (susceptibility testing)

A
117
Q

Resistant (susceptibility testing)

A
118
Q

Zone of Inhibition

A
  • The clear region around the paper disc saturated with an antimicrobial agent on the agar surface.
  • Example : Bleach, high clearing zone
119
Q

What does Amylose produce?

A

Extracellular Enzymes (iodine)

120
Q

What is required to process starch?

A

glucose

121
Q

Where are transporters catabolized?

A

Inside the cell

122
Q

What must hydrolyze transporters?

A

Monosaccharides

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