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From Flashcardlet > AP II- Exam 2 > Flashcards

AP II- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Location of Heart

A
  • Thoracic Cavity
  • Within Mediastinum
  • A bit more to the left
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2
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • thin membrane of heart
  • membranous partition
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3
Q

Pericardial Sac

A
  • Thick membrane, surround the heart
  • protects & prevents over distention
  • double layered
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4
Q

3 Layers of the Heart Wall

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Mycocardium- thick
  3. Epicardium- epithelial over connective tissue
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5
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A
  • pericardial FLUID
  • in between parietal layer & visceral layer
  • can increase in volume to hold more fluid
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6
Q

4 Heart Chambers

A
  1. Left & Right Atria
  2. Left & Right Ventricles
  3. Atrioventricular Valves
  4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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7
Q

Left Atria

A
  • chamber
  • separated by interatrial septum
  • 4 openings from Pulmonary Veins
  • RESERVOIR
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8
Q

Right Atria

A
  • chamber
  • separated by interventricular septum
  • 3 opeinings
  • RESEVOIR,
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9
Q

Left & Right Ventricle

A
  • chamber
  • separated by INTER ventricular septum
  • Left- opens into AORTA
  • Right opens into P.Trunk
  • POWER PUMP, HOMEOSTASIS
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10
Q

Atrioventricular Valve

A
  • chamber
  • valves between atria and ventricles
  • consists of cusps & flaps
  • blood flow back into atria
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11
Q

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

A
  • between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  • Aortic is Left ventricle and aorta
  • open when ventricular pressure exceeds 8 mm Hg (aorta 10x more)
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12
Q

Red

A
  • artery
  • away from heart
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13
Q

Blue

A
  • Towards heart (from brain)
  • vein
  • Deoxygenated
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14
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A
  • external depression for cornary vessels
  • external feature dividing atrium from ventricle
  • separate atria from ventricles
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15
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A
  • attach inferior to AV valves
  • keep them from poiting backwards
  • thin, strong connective tisue
  • attach to papillary muscle
  • cusps of AV valve
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16
Q

Papillary Muscle

A
  • attach to chordae tenieae inferior in the ventricle
  • cone shaped muscular pillars
  • contract when ventricles contract
  • prevent valves from opening into atria
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17
Q

Traculae Carneae

A
  • irrecular mycocardium ridges
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18
Q
A

Coronary Circuit of Blood Flow

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19
Q

Mycocardium Cells

A
  • Striated Muscle cells linked by intercalated disc
  • carried excitement for contraction
  • one heart muscle to next, linking them all togeher
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20
Q

Refractory Period

A
  • after cardiac muscle contraction
  • gives time for filling heart chambers with blood
  • unsensitive to stimulation
  • prevents tetanic contraction
  • more rhythmic
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21
Q

Tetanus

A
  • sustained contraction without relaxation
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22
Q

Energy for Cardiac Muscle

A
  • ATP
  • aerobic metabolism
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23
Q

Excitation of Cardiac Muscle Cells

A
  • Spontaneous depolarization
  • happens quickest @ SA node
  • sets pace for entire heart, since all cells are linked via intercalated discs
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24
Q

Spontaneous depolarization

A
  • causes an action potential
  • NA+
  • K+
  • CA+
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25
Q

Pathway of conduction through the heart x4

A
  1. SA Node
  2. AV Node
  3. AV Bundle
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje
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26
Q

Sinoatriual Node (pg.678)

A
  • SA Node
  • impulse generation
  • pacemaker
  • right atrium
  • spontaneous action potentials (faster rate)
  • Medial to opening of superior vena cava
  • made up of cardiac muscle
  • to AV node
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27
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • AV bundle
  • passes thru small opening to reach interventricula septum
  • divides to form left & right
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28
Q

Purkinje

A
  • penetrate mycocardium ventricles
  • conduction fibers
  • specialized cardiac muscle cell
  • carry action potential from bundle branches to ventricular walls & papillary muscle
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29
Q

AV Node

A
  • temporary delay
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30
Q

systole

A
  • contraction phase
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31
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • low permeability of Na & Ca
  • high permeability of K+
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32
Q

diastole

A
  • relaxation phase
  • blood flows back towards ventricles
  • lunar valves close
  • dilate
  • greatest amt of filling
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33
Q

Which heart chamber has the highest systolic pressure & why?

A
  • LV, b.c has to pump blood from head to toes
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34
Q

Left Atrium high pressure

A
  • When LA is higher than left ventricle, AV is open
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35
Q

Left Ventricle High pressure

A
  • When LV contracts, pressure is higher than LA
  • Bicuspid valve closes
  • first heart sound
  • push blood into aorta, aortic semilunar valve is open
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36
Q

LV in diastole

A
  • pressure drops
  • semilunar valve closes
  • second heart sound
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37
Q

Cardiac Output Equation

A
  • volume pumped out of the ventricle in a minute
  • CO = HR x SV
  • Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
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38
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A
  • Cadiac Output Max - Resting CO
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39
Q

Normal Cardiac Output

A
  • 5-6 liters/minute
  • all blood/minute
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40
Q

Controls of Heart Rate

A
  • Sympathetic NS increases heart rate
  • increases output
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41
Q

Normal resting heart reate

A

70 bpm

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42
Q

Stroke Volume

A
  • SV= EDV-ESV
  • Volume ejected per beat.
  • Normale is 80mls/beat
  • SV increase CO increases
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43
Q

End-diastolic volume

A
  • The vlue in the ventricle after filling
  • End-diastolic Volume - End Stroke Volume = Stroke Volume
  • EDV-ESV=SV
  • EDV increase, SV increases
  • 120-130 mL ventricles
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44
Q

End Systolic Volume

A
  • Volume left in the ventricle after contraction
  • Smaller ESV the greater the SV.
  • More blood is ejected.
  • Sympathetic more forceful and decreases ESV.
  • ventricular pressure decreases
  • 50-60mL
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45
Q

Frank Starling Law

A
  • as wall of ventricle stretches due to lots of blood,
  • force of ventricular contraction is GREATER, DEACREASING ESV
  • preventing pooling of blood in ventricle
  • changes in pump effectiveness
  • changes in preload
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46
Q

Influence Cardiac Function x 8

A
  1. Cardiac Center in brainstem regulates heart function
  2. Exercise
  3. Temperature
  4. Sex
  5. Age
  6. Ions
  7. Potassium
  8. Calcium
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47
Q

Lub-Dup Sound

A
  • Lub- closure of the AV valves, 1st sound low pitch
  • Dup- closure of Semilunar Valves, 2nd sound high pitch
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48
Q

Electrocardiography pg. 682

A
  • detecting/recording electrical depolarization of the heart muscle
  • Leads are electrodes placed on the skin
  • summated record of cardiac action potential
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49
Q

Normal ECG Waves pg. 682

A
  • P= atrial depolarizaion
  • QRS= ventricular depolarization
  • T= ventricular REpolarizaiton
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50
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • oxygenated
  • do not necessarily have oxygen
  • lg artery= many elastic fibers
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51
Q

Veins

A
  • Carry blood toward heart
  • deoxy
  • valves
  • increase volume b/c of large compliance
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52
Q

Capillaries pg. 710

A
  • thin walled vessels
  • link arterial system and venous system
  • most common
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53
Q

Arterioles

A
  • tiny arteries
  • Resistance blood vessel
  • most important in determine resistance in blood flow
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54
Q

Venules

A

tiny veins

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55
Q

3 Layers of the wall in artery/vein

A
  1. Tunic Interna
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunice Externa

Artery wall is thicker than Vein. Lumen of vein can expand more

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56
Q

Tunica Interna

A

smooth endothelium

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57
Q

Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle

58
Q

Tunica Externa

A

may have elastic fibers in an artery

59
Q

Capillary Function

A
  • One cell layer
  • Diffusion
60
Q

Difference in blood velocity in large vs small vessels

A
  • slowest in capillaries, slow in small vessels
61
Q

What causes a pulse

A
  • systole/diastole
  • force is felt in arteries carrying blood away from the heart
  • ejection of blood flow
  • left ventricle to arota
  • travels along arteries
62
Q

Pulse

A

number of times your heart beats in a minute

63
Q

Blood Flow

A
  • directly related to pressure
  • volume of blood flow thru a vessel
64
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • highest in vessels closest to the pump
  • Aorta has highest pressure
  • less in arterioles
  • least in veins
65
Q

Resistance

A
  • F=P/R
  • more resistance less flow
  • indirectly related to pressure
66
Q

Effects Resistance

A
  1. Long Vessel
  2. Thick blood (dehydration)
  3. Radius/Dia of blood vessel
  4. As smooth muscle contracts vessel gets smaller, increases R
  5. Increase R, Decrease Flow
  6. Arterioles can close, lot of R, no flow
67
Q

Heart Valve Sequence

A
  1. Tricuspid
  2. Pulmonary Semilunar
  3. Bi Cuspid
  4. Aortic
85
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • provide input to vasomotor Center
  • sensitive to pH
  • Blood oxygen levels
  • CO2
  • homeostasis
92
Q

Banjo Man Jam

A
93
Q
A
  • Right Side
  • Ascending Aorta
  • r & L Coronary Arteries
94
Q
A
  • Aortic Arch
  • originator for bracchiocephalic
  • common carotid
  • left subclavian
95
Q
A

Basilar

96
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • Blood to the brain
  • Interior cerebral artery
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
97
Q
A
  • Descending Aorta
  • Left Side
  • extends thru thoracic & abdomen
98
Q

Celiac

A
  • branch of aorta
  • supplies liver, stomach, spleen
99
Q
A
100
Q
A
101
Q
A
102
Q

Relationship of blood flow to pressure & resistance

A
  • F & P directly
  • F & R indirectly
103
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure Equation

A
  • MAP = CO x TPR
  • Directly Related
  • Peripheral Heart Beat
  • Inc PR
  • Inc HR
  • Inc SV
104
Q

Elastic Recoil

A

Tendency for lungs to recover when heart breath in and out

105
Q

Neural Factors influence arterial pressure x3

A
  1. Vasomotor fibers of sympathetic nervous system
  2. Vasomotor Center
  3. Baroreceptors/ChemoReceptors
106
Q

Vasomotor Fibers

A

of sympathetic nervous sstem result in vaodilation (large diameter vessel). Or Vaso constriction.

107
Q

Vasomotor Center

A
  • in brain stem
  • regulates sympathetic fibers
108
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • provide input to vasomotor center
  • detect changes in pressure
109
Q

Angiotensin Effects

A
  • potent vasoconstrictor causing INCREASE in arterial pressure (same as blood pressure)
  • causes adrenal cortex to release ALDOSTERONE, indirectly raises blood pressure, causing sodium & water absoprtion at the kidney
110
Q

Epinephrine Effects

A

increase overall blood pressure

111
Q

ADH

A

causes increased VOLUME in your bloodstream, which causes INCREASE blood pressure

112
Q

Renin

A
  • Released if not enough blood is going to kidneys due to LOW blood pressure
  • converts angiotensinOGEN to angioTENSIN
113
Q

How blood volume influences arterial pressure

A
  • increased blood volume leads to increased arterial pressure
114
Q

The measurement of blood pressure

A

on your brachial artery

115
Q

What does systolic pressure correspond to?

A
  • force coming from your heart during systole
  • the first time blood can get through an artery
116
Q

What does diastolic pressure correspond to?

A
  • Force coming from your heart during diastolic pressure.
  • pressure does not go to zero as it does in the ventricle
  • When you release cuff pressure blood can flow unimpeded and thiis is your diastolic pressure
117
Q

During Blood Pressure Exam

A
  • when tightened, no noise
  • when loosened, its systole
  • stops, not enough force for diastole
118
Q

Venous Return

A
  • blood returning to right atrium through systemic veins
  • F=P/R, determines venous return and gravity
  • blood pools inferiorily
119
Q

Movement of blood thru Veins

A
  • Valves prevent back flow
  • little resistance (poor pressure)
  • by SKELETAL muscle contracting- MOVEMENT helps
120
Q

Effects of Gravity on Cardiovascular System

A
  • stand up- blood towards ground
  • lightheaded, untip baroreceptors in neck- not drop in blood pressure
  • compensatory vasoconstriction & INCREASED heart rate
  • take a step- skeletal muscles “milk” the blood from you feet bck toward heart
121
Q

Cardiovascular Adjustments During exercise x5

A
  1. Increases HR, SV, CO
  2. Arterial Blood pressure
  3. Venous return
  4. Vasoconstriction to skin & Visceral blood vessels,
  5. Vasodilation to skeletal blood vessels
122
Q

Systemic

A
  • whole body
  • circulation to ALL of body besides pulmonary circuit
123
Q

Celiac Trunk (downward)

A
  1. Left
  2. Hand
  3. Side
124
Q

Systemic Arteries arise from what main vessel

A

aorta

125
Q

Heart Pathway Sequence

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Atrium
  3. Valve
  4. Ventricle
  5. P. Lunar
  6. P. Trunk
  7. Lungs
  8. P. Veins
  9. Atrium
  10. Valve
  11. Ventricle
  12. A.Lunar
  13. Aorta
126
Q
A
127
Q
A
128
Q
A
129
Q
A
130
Q
A
  • Hepatic Portal System
  • directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
131
Q
A
  • Ascending Aorta
  • Descending Aorta
  • Aortic Arch
132
Q
A

basilar

133
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery

Blood to Brain

134
Q
A

Gastric

135
Q

umbilical vein

A
  • the fetal blood vessel that contains the most oxygen.
  • from the mother to the baby.
136
Q
A
  • Fetal Blood Pathway
137
Q

Main Components of Lymphatic System x5

A
  1. vessels
  2. nodes
  3. tonsils
  4. spleen
  5. thymus
138
Q

Lymphatic System Function x3

A
  1. fluid balance
  2. lipid absoprtion
  3. defense
139
Q

Lymph

A
  • interstitial fluid but in vessels
140
Q

Pathway of Lymph from tissue to main ducts

A
  1. Lymph capillary
  2. lymphatics
  3. Thoracic Duct
  4. to Venous System
141
Q

Thoracic Duct

A
  • drains left upper body and all of lower body
  • dumps lymph into junction of L
  • internal jugular & L Subclavian Veins
  • largest vessel
142
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A
  • collects lymph from right upper body
  • empties into junction betwen right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
143
Q

3 Tonsils

A
  1. Palatines (most commonly removed)
  2. Linguals
  3. pharyngeal
144
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • above heart in the medistinum
  • makes T lymphocytes in immunity
  • replaced by connective tissue in adults
145
Q

Spleen

A
  • inferior to stomach
  • has red pulp where RBC’s are stored
  • old ones are destroyed
  • white pulp “eaten” by phagocytes
  • Limited Reservoir
146
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • function to filter lymph
  • battleground for fighting infection
  • make lymphocytes that fight infection in immunity
  • along the lymphatics
  • network of ventricular fibers
147
Q

Abdomen Artery (downward)

A
  1. Cause
  2. Super
  3. Super
  4. Red
  5. Testicles
  6. Lumbering
  7. Into
  8. My Cock
148
Q

Lower Limb Artery (Downward)

A
  1. Femoral
  2. Popliteal
  3. Post Tibial
  4. Ant Tibial
  5. Plantar
149
Q

Artery Upper Limb (downward)

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Bracciocephalic
  3. Subclavian
  4. Axillary
  5. Brachial
  6. Radial/Ulnar
  7. Arch, digitals
150
Q

Head & Neck Arteries (upward)

A
  1. Bracchiocephalic
  2. Subclavian
  3. Common Carotid
  4. Vertebral
  5. Internal Carotid
  6. Lingual
  7. External Carotid
151
Q

Head and Neck Veins

A
  1. Internal Jugular
  2. External Jugular
152
Q

Upper Limb Veins

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Subclavian
  3. Axillary
  4. Cephalic
  5. Bracchial
  6. Basilic
  7. Ulnar
  8. Radial
153
Q

Abdominal Veins

A
  1. Azygos
  2. Hemazygos
  3. Inferior Vena Cava
  4. Hepatic Vein
  5. Hepatic Portal
  6. Splenic
  7. Superior Mesenteric
  8. Inferior Mesenteric
154
Q

Lower Limb Veins x8

A
  1. Inferior Vena Cava
  2. Deep femoral
  3. femoral
  4. great sapphenous
  5. popliteal
  6. post tibial
  7. ant tibial
  8. plantars
155
Q

Vena Cava

A
  • carry blood to Right Atrium
156
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A
  • carry blood to left atrium
157
Q

Exits the Hearts x2

A
  1. Pulmonary Trunk
  2. Aorta
158
Q

Interventricular Septum

A
  • thick muscle towards apex.
  • thin membrane towards atria
159
Q

At the beginning of cardiac cycle

A
  • atria ventricles are relaxed
  • av valves open
  • semilunar valves close
160
Q

atrial pressure is

A

greater than ventricular

161
Q

PNS

A
  • influence CO by 10-20%
  • Acetylcholine
  • Vagus Nerves
  • decrease heart rate by 20-30 bpm
  • little effect on SV
  • kidney retain more salt
  • ADH increas
  • urine Decrease
  • increase preload, heart fills more
  • increase rate of depolarization in SA Node
162
Q

SNS

A
  • influence CO by 50-100%
  • thoracic region
  • innervate SA & AV nodes, coronary vesseksm atria/ventricular mycocardia
  • increase heart rate 250-330 bpm
  • vaso constriction
  • increase SV
  • lower ESV
163
Q

Increase K

A

decrease heart rate

164
Q

Gap Junction

A

one cardiac muscle to another

165
Q

Pulmonary vs Systemic

A
  • P= from RVent to lungs to Left AT
  • S= all parts from left to right

From Flashcardlet (35 decks)

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