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From Flashcardlet > Micro Exam 4 > Flashcards

Micro Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

First Line of Defense

A
  • innate & non specific immunity
  • anatomical barriers- skin mucus,
  • chemical barriers- sebum, eyelids, tears, menstruation, urine, stomach acid, ear wax
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2
Q

What do tears do?

A

lysozyme

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3
Q

thick sticky secretions. Mucin polysaccharide. Salty. Trap microbes

A

Mucous

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4
Q

Role of normal flora

A
  • break down nutrients, carbs that humand could not digest
  • opp pathogens at times of low immunity
  • resident on sweat glands
  • cause body odor
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5
Q

Define normal flora

A

microbes that colonize without causing damage

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6
Q

Makes skin more acidic. Oily prevention of skin cracking

A

sebum

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7
Q

Collection of phago cells, damaged tissue & inflammation, part of the 2nd line of defense

A

pus

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8
Q

5 Types of White Blood Cells

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Eosinophil, E-3%

Basophil

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9
Q

little eater/ leukocyte 60-70
%

A

Neutrophil

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10
Q

20-25% 3rd line, adaptive immunity, granular

A

Lymphocyte

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11
Q

3-8% “Big Eater” in tissues, fixed or wandering, granular

A
  • Monocyte
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12
Q

2-4% fight parasite

A

eosinophils

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13
Q

0.5-1% Histamine in granules, RARE

A

basophils

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14
Q

3 Types of Phagocytic Cells

A
  1. dendrites
  2. Monocyte/macrophage
  3. Neutrophil/PMN
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15
Q

How do phagocytes kill

A

TOCC:

toxic oxygen containing compounds

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16
Q

2nd line of defense

A
  • innate/non specifice.
  • PUS/inflammation.
  • PAMP.
  • Toll-Like Receptors
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17
Q

3rd line of defense

A
  • aquired/specific
  • lymphatic system
  • Antibodies
  • Kill viruses/parasites
  • Cell mediated
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18
Q

PAMP stands for

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern

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19
Q

What do PAMPs do?

A
  1. LPS
  2. Molecular motifs recognized by TLRs
  3. acctivate immune response
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20
Q

Which cell recognizes PAMP

A

dendrites

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21
Q

What binds PAMP

A

Toll Like Receptor

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22
Q

What type of gene regulation is used in Toll-Like receptors?

A

Signal Transduction

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23
Q

Non-Catalytic, activate once microbes break 1ST LINE. Recognize molecules broadly shared by pathogens

A

Toll-Like Receptor

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24
Q

Who is part of the Toll Family

A

Cytokine & Interleukin

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25
Q

Molecule that has activity on a cell

A

Cytokine

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26
Q

Communication between leukocytes/neutrophils

A

Interleukin

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27
Q

Messenger between innate & adaptive. Process antigens & T-Cells.

A

Dendritic Cells

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28
Q

How do dendrites call neutrophils to the site?

A
  • Dilate endothelium of capillaries
  • leaky
  • express sticky molecules
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29
Q

Leakage of fluid out of its container. Movement of WBC from capillaries to tissue surrounding them

A

Extravasation

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30
Q

The surrounding tissue. Movement out of circulatory sytem towards damaged tissue or infection

A

Diapedisis

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31
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus & Bone Marrow

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32
Q

What does PMN stand for

A

polymorphonucler or leukocyte

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33
Q

4 Classic Sympoms of Inflammation

A
  1. Calor (Heat)
  2. Rubor (Red)
  3. Tumor (Swelling
  4. Dolor (pain)
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34
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response or loss of blood Volume causes..

A

Septic Shock

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35
Q

Il-6, Il-1, TNF-a

A
  • Cause High Fevers septic shock
  • endogenous pyrogenes
  • dendtric cells secrete by toll receptor
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36
Q

2 Jobs of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Filter
  2. Return Fluids
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37
Q

What is a “hub” for WBC

A
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38
Q

Where are the lymphoid organs

A

Thymus & Bone Marrow

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39
Q

2 Types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. T Cells
  2. B Cells
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40
Q

Where do T-Cells mature

A

Thymus

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41
Q

Where do B Cells Mature

A

Bone Marrow

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42
Q

What do Cytotoxic T-Cells do?

A

kill virus infected cells

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43
Q

TH1 help?

A

Cytotoxic T-Cell

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44
Q

TH2 Help?

A

B-Cells

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45
Q

MHC stands for?

A

Major Hisotcompatibility Complex (proteins)

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46
Q

MHC-1 type of cells?

A

Nucleated

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47
Q

MHC 2 Type of Cells

A

Dendritic Cells

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48
Q

What is the purpose of MHC

A

PRESENT antigen to T-Cells

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49
Q

For a T-Cell to get out alive it must?

A
  • bind to anitgen with just the right affinity
  • interact with APC’s
50
Q

2 Reasons MHC fails Thymic School?

A
  • Binds too weakly -interact with MHC peptide
  • binds too strongly- interact with self peptide
51
Q

When do macrophages get angry?

A
  • when Th-1 scretes IFN-gamma enhanced killing of parasite
52
Q

What receptors intearact with MHC-1

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells

53
Q

Why do cytotoxic cells secrete perforin/granzyme?

A

to lyse virus cells

54
Q

What receptors interact with MHC-2

A
  • T-Helper
55
Q

Dendtritic, Macrophages, & B-Cells

A
  • antigen presenting cells
  • brag to Mr.T
56
Q

production of antibodies is called a

A

humoral response

57
Q

Type of Response that Kills virus infected cells, & parasites

A
  • Cell Mediated Response
58
Q

What are the steps to activate a B-Cell?

A
  1. antigen binds to its IgD receptor
  2. internalizes it
  3. displays to MHC-2
  4. secretes IGM
59
Q

B- Cells migrate to display for?

A

TH2- helper

60
Q

What happens if TH-2 receptor bindt to anitgen displayed by MHC-2

A
  • TH-2 secretes, IL-4, Il-5
  • to activate B-cell
61
Q

What do activated B-Cells clone as

A

plasma cells

62
Q

IgM

A
  • first to appear after immunization
  • strong complement activator
  • Monomer
  • B-Cell surface receptor
63
Q

What are plasma cells able to secrete?

A

same antibody as B-Cell

64
Q

What is the FIRST antibody expressed in B Cell?

A

IgM

65
Q

short life

A

plasma cells

66
Q

long life

A

memory cells

67
Q

Why do plasma cells undergo class switching

A

to secrete IgG

68
Q

Where are T-Helper lymphocytes localized

A
  • lymphoid organs/nodes,
  • mucous,
  • Tissue (MALT),
  • spleen
69
Q

Steps for B-Cell Class switching x 3

A
  1. Anti on MHC 2 to TH2
  2. TH2 secretes Il-4 Il5
  3. B cell clonally propagates
70
Q
A
71
Q

How many polypeptide chains are there in an antibody?

A

4

72
Q

IgG

A
  • ALL body fluid- blood & lymph,
  • CROSSES PLACENTA during Gestation
  • smallest but most common
73
Q

What connects the chains of antibody

A

di sulfide

74
Q

Inactivated toxin, still raised antibody to toxin

A

Toxoid

75
Q

What region are the heavy chains

A

top inner Y

76
Q

What regions are the light chains on?

A

top Y outer region

77
Q

weakened organism cannot cause disease

A

attenuated

78
Q

Oral polio

A

attenuated

79
Q

What region makes up the antigen binding site?

A

variable heavy and light

80
Q

IgD

A
  • minor circulatoing
  • B-lymphocyte surfaces
  • in tissue that lines belly/chest
81
Q

5 Classes of antibodies in ORDER

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgA
  3. IgD
  4. IgG
  5. IgE
82
Q

IgA

A
  • circulate
  • major secretory monomer in
  • blood and dimer secretions
  • protect from outside foreigners
83
Q

IgE

A
  • allergic rxns
  • parasitic immunity
  • CH-4 binds to mast cells
  • lungs skin, mucous
84
Q

Steps of IgE with Mast cells x3

A
  1. sensitize tissue by binding to receptor
  2. cross links 2 antibody molecules
  3. release allergic mediater

RESULT= ALLERGIES (Amines)

85
Q

What 3 things do Mast Cells Release

A
  1. BULL SHIT MOUTH
  2. histamines
  3. leukotrione
  4. prostaglandins
86
Q

What 3 over the counter helps neutrolize amines?

A
  1. Bull Shit Mouth- His Leuk Prost
  2. Benadryle (anti-his)
  3. Singulair (anit-leuk)
  4. Motin (anti-prost)
87
Q

which chain does class switching refer to?

A

heavy

88
Q

How do antibodies fight infection

A
  1. opsonization
  2. neutralize viruses/toxins
  3. of compement
89
Q

What class can bind a complement

A

IgG & IgM

90
Q

4 ways a complement fight infection

A
  1. Lytic
  2. Opsonzing
  3. Chemotactic
  4. Anaphalotoxic/ release histamine

2nd Line, inflammatory response

91
Q

Primary exposure to antigen (graph)

A

IgM has lower antibody levels than IgG

92
Q

Secondary exposure to antigen? (graph)

A

IgG dramatic increase, IgM stays the same

93
Q

What do T-Cells do for quality control

A

sample protein dispalyed on MHC-1

94
Q

What do Il-2 activated Cytotoxic Cells search for

A

Virus infected Cells

95
Q

How many antigens can Tc’s recognize

A

one

96
Q

If Tc recognizes an antigen, what does it do if it finds another cell in the body dispaying that antigen?

A

secrete perforin

97
Q

What is the role of IFN-y

A

activates macrophages to higher levels of killing capacity

98
Q

If TH-1 encounters a macrophages, what does it secrete?

A

Il-2

99
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity response

A

activate macrophages to kill microbes they’ve ingested

100
Q

Basic job of T-helper

A
  • cell mediated response,
  • activate B, Tc, Macrophage
  • LOSS COMPROMISES 3rd LINE
101
Q

Foreign substance that induces an immune response

A

antigen

102
Q

5 Major types of Vaccines

A
  • STAIR
  • Subunit
  • Toxoid
  • Attenuated
  • Inactivated
  • Recombinant
103
Q

non-viable organisms

A

inactivated

104
Q

fragment organism

A

subunit

105
Q

Polio Vaccine

A

inactived injection

106
Q

Hep A

A

inactivated

107
Q

Tetanus

A

toxoid

108
Q

Measle/Mumps RubellAaaaa

A

Attenuated

109
Q

Rabies

A

inactivated

110
Q

Influenza

A

subunit

111
Q

HPV

A

recombinant

112
Q

Diptheria

A

Toxoid

113
Q

MeNI-ngitis

A

SubuNI-t

114
Q

Hep B

A

RecomB

115
Q

Streptococcus Pnemonia

A

Subunit

116
Q

How many days does a vaccine take to develop immunity

A

10-14

117
Q

T&B Cell Types:

T-cell says to B: “Help Me Catch Some!” B-cell replies: “My Pleasure!”:

A
  • T Cell Types: Helper, Memory, Cytotoxic, Supressor
  • B-Cell Types: Memory Cell, Plasma Cell
118
Q

Granular White Blood Cells

A

BEN

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

119
Q

Allergic Reaction WBCs

A

Easy on me phils- Eosinophil, counteract

Bad-o-phils- Basophil Contribute to allergic rxns

120
Q
A
121
Q

Functions of Interleukins

A

Few T Bones Eaten At Arbys

  • Il-1- Fever
  • Il-2- T-cell stimulation
  • Il-3- Bone Marrow Stimulation
  • Il-4- IgE production
  • Il-5- IgA production
  • Il-6 Acute phase reactanct production

From Flashcardlet (35 decks)

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