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From Flashcardlet > Micro Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Micro Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms

A
  • Include all singe celled microscopic organisms & VIRUSES
  • essential for well being of planet and its plants & animals
  • activities of microbial communities can affect the chemical properties of their habitats
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2
Q

In all living Systems x3

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth
  3. Evolution
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3
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • oxygenated the atmosphere.
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4
Q

Major Phylogenetic lineages of cells (x3)

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya

DEFINED BY rRNA

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5
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • first to describe microorganisms
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6
Q

Antoni Van Leewenhoek

A
  • first to describe bacteria
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7
Q

Ferdinand Cohen

A
  • founded the field of bacteriology
  • discovered bacterial endospores
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8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • living organisms do NOT arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
  • developed sterilization
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9
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • first methods for growth of pure culture
  • Koch’s postulates
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10
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  • proving that a given microorganism causes a given disease
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11
Q

Beijerinck & Winogradsky

A
  • studied bacteria that inhabit soil and water
  • chemolithotrophy & nitrogen fixation
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12
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A
  • metabolism generated from INorganic compounds
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13
Q

Differentiation

A
  • modification of cellular components to form a new structure
  • SPORE
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14
Q

Ecosystem

A
  • Organisms + NONliving environment
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15
Q

Enrichment culture technique

A
  • isolate microoganisms from nature
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16
Q

Genome

A
  • an organisms full complement of genes
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17
Q

Growth

A
  • increase in cell #
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18
Q

Metabolism

A
  • ALL biochemical reaction in a cell
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19
Q

Most common microscopy

A
  • bright field microscope**
  • lack contrast between cells & surroundings
  • overcome by staining
  • or phase contrast/dark field
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20
Q

Differential Interference & Confocal Scanning laser microscopy

A
  • 3D
  • image through thick specimens
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21
Q

Atomic Force Microscopy

A
  • detailed 3d image of LIVE preparations.
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22
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A
  • high resolving power (0.2nm)
  • observe INTERNAL cell structure
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23
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A
  • High resolving power (0.2nm)
  • examine surface
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24
Q

Microbial Cell Structure share…x5

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane
  2. ribosomes
  3. cell wall
  4. Prokaryote, Eukaryote
  5. Viruses are not cells and depend on cells for replication
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25
Q

Genes

A
  • govern the properties of cells
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26
Q

How is DNA arranged

A
  • as chromosomes
  • Pro are single circular
  • Euks have multiple xsomes linear
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27
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • use CO2 as energy source
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28
Q

Heterotrophs

A
  • use organic compounds as energy source
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29
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A
  • use organic CHEMICALs as energy source
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30
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • largest group of bacteria
  • e.coli
  • gram +
  • cyanobacteria
  • spriochetes
  • green bacteria
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31
Q

Eukaryotes Include x4

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Fungi
  3. Slime molds
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32
Q

Lichens

A
  • a simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees.
  • algae/fungi
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33
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • outside cytoplasmic mebrane
  • protection from osmotic lysis
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34
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A
  • permeability barrier to environment
  • encloses cytoplasm
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35
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  • Mitochondria & Chloroplasts orginiated from Bacteria
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36
Q

Nucleoid

A
  • aggregated mass of DNA
  • constitues Chromosome of Bacteria/ Archaea
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37
Q

Phylogeny

A
  • evolutionary relationships between organisms
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38
Q

Plasmid

A
  • extrachromosomal genetic element nonessential for growth
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39
Q

Resolution

A
  • ability to distinguish to objects ad separate under microscope
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40
Q

Ribosome

A

cytoplasmic particle. protein synthesis

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41
Q

Chp4

Cells are primarily composed of

A

SCHPOCN

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42
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • inorganic compounds
  • required in large amounts
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43
Q

Micronutrients

A
  • metals and organic compounds
  • small amounts
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44
Q

Culture Media

A

defined, or complex

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45
Q

Selective Media

A
  • only selected microorganisms will grow in the env’t
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46
Q

Differential media

A
  • distinguish one organism type from another
47
Q

Enriched Media

A
  • specific and known qualities that favors the growth of a particular microorganism.
  • support the growth of a selected microorganism, while inhibiting the growth of others
48
Q

Micros can be grown in

A
  • Liquid
  • Solid
  • or Pure Culture media
49
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • generates CO2 and electrons for electron transport chain
  • source of key biosynthetic intermediates
50
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • when conditions are anoxic, several comound can be terminal electron acceptors
51
Q

Redox Reaction

A

Carry NAD+/NADH

52
Q

Proton Motive Source

A
  • a source of energy, in all forms of respiration and photosynthesis
  • separation of protons from hydroxly ions across the cyoplasmic memebrane
  • membrane potential.
53
Q

Respiration

A
  • Completely oxidizes an organic compound to CO2 with an energy yield that is much greater than fermentation
54
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A
  • inorganic compounds as electron donors
55
Q

Phototrophs

A
  • use light to form proton motive force
56
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • production of glucose from non sugar precursors
57
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • STRUCTURAL components of cells
58
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • formed from Carbon skeletons to which ammonia is added
  • from either glutamate or gutamine
59
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • biosynthesized using carbon from several sources
60
Q

Fatty Acids

A
  • 2 carbons sythesized at a time and attched to glycerol to form lipids
  • ONLY in bacteria and Eukarya do lipids contain fatty acids
61
Q

Feedback inhibition

A
  • inhibits an allosteric enzyme at the beginning of the pathway.
62
Q

Microbial growth Chp 5

A
  • increase in cell numbers
  • final result of doubling of all cell components
  • prior to the actual division event
  • yields 2 daughter system
63
Q

Cell Division & Chromosome Replication

A
  • coordinately regulated
64
Q

Fts Proteins

A
  • key to division process
65
Q

FtsZ

A
  • cell division plane
  • helps assemble divisome
66
Q

MreB

A
  • defines cell shape
  • in rod shaped cells forms a cytoskeletal coils
  • directs cell wall synthesis
67
Q

Crescentin

A
  • Caulobacter
  • leading formation of a curved cell
68
Q

Glycan Tetrapeptide

A
  • new cell wall material is synthesized by this
69
Q

Bactoprenol

A
  • facilitates transport of these units through cytoplasmic membrane
70
Q

Transpeptidation

A
  • completes the process of cell wall synthesis by cross-linking
  • adjacent ribbons of peptidoglycan at muramic acid residues
71
Q

Exponential Growth

A
  • replication of microbial populations
72
Q

Semilogarithmic plot

A
  • logarithm of cell numbers vs time
  • used to dreive the doubling time of exponentially growing population
73
Q

Chemostat

A
  • an open system used to maintain cell populations in exponential growth for extended periods
  • dilution controls doubling time of population
  • while cell density is controlled by concentration
74
Q

Homologous Recombination

A
  • when closely related DNA sequence from 2 similiar genetic elements are combined in a single element
  • Evolutionary process
75
Q

Competence

A
  • able to take up free DNa released by other bacteria
  • transformable
76
Q

Donor to recipient DNA requires…

A
  1. Single Strand Binding Protein
  2. RecA
  3. Enzymes
77
Q

Transduction

A
  • transfer of host genes from one bacterium to another by a virus
78
Q

Generalized Transduction

A
  • defective virus particles randomly incorporate fragments of cell’s chromosomal DNA
  • Low Transducing efficiency
79
Q

Specialized Transduction

A
  • DNA of temperate virus excises incorrectly and takes adjacent host genes along with it
  • Transducing efficiency is high.
80
Q

Conjugation

A
  • DNA transfer, cell to cell contact
  • controlled by G plasmid
  • transfer plasmid from donor to recipient
81
Q

Rolling Circle Mechanism

A
  • Plasmid DNA transfer
  • Double stranded circular (prokaryotes)
  • nicks and unrolls one strand
  • uses the other strand as a template for DNA synthesis
82
Q

F Plasmid integrates with Hfr Phenotype

A
  • donor cell chromosome can be mobilized for transfer to a recipient cell
83
Q

F’ Plasmid

A
  • previously integrated F-plasmids that have excised& captured some chromosomal genes
84
Q

Defective Copy

A
  • complemented by a second unmutated copy of that gene
85
Q

Complementation Test

A
  • Recombination does not occur
  • merodiploids carrying 2 copies of a specific gene
86
Q

Archaea vs Bacteria

A
  • antibiotics are ineffective on archaea, can’t select recombinants
  • archaea require unique growth conditions
  • transformation, transduction, conjucgation are all known in archaea
87
Q

Genetic Transfer Systems x3

A
  • Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
88
Q

Transposons & Insertion Sequence

A
  • move from one location on a host to another by transposition.
  • transposons can be used as biological mutagens
89
Q

auxotroph

A
  • has a nutritional requirement
  • result of mutation
90
Q

Cistron

A
  • a segment of DNa (or RNA)
  • encodes a single polypetide chain
91
Q

heteroduplex

A
  • Double helix DNA
  • composed of SINGLE strands from 2 different DNA
92
Q

Hfr Cell

A
  • F Plasmid integrated into the chromosome
93
Q

Restriction Enzymes Chp 11

A
  • recognize specific short sequences in DNa
  • make cuts in DNA
  • products can be separated using gel electrophoresis
94
Q

Hybridization

A
  • detects complementary nucleic acid sequences
95
Q

cloning

A
  • isolation of a gene or region of chromosome
  • uses a plasmid or virus as the cloning vector
96
Q

Virus

A
  • Depends on host cell (intracellular)
  • may enter new host cell by infection
  • only grow in certain types of cells or in whole orgs
  • no Metabolism
  • classified by nucleic acid and type of host
97
Q

Virion

A
  • Extracellular
  • contains either RNA or DNA genome inside protein shell
  • one or more enzymes are present in virion
  • infectious, not all are equally infectious
  • must bind to complememtary receptors
98
Q

Naked Virus

A
  • In virion, only nucleic acid and protein are present
  • nucleic acid on the inside
99
Q

Nucleoclaspid

A
  • the capsid of a virus with the enclosed nucleic acid.
  • arranged symetrical
  • precise subunits around nucleic acid
100
Q

Enveloped viruses

A
  • one or more lipoprotein layers surrounding nucleocapsid
101
Q

Plaque Assay

A
  • way of measuring virus infectivity.
  • analgous to bacterial “colony”
  • on lawns of host cells
  • 1 plaque= single virus particle
102
Q

Virus Replication cycle x5

A
  1. Attachment (absorption)
  2. Penetration (injection)
  3. Protein/N.Acid Synthesis
  4. Assembly & Packaging
  5. Viroin Release
103
Q

Animal Cell derived from

A

Endosymbiosis. Mitochondria/Chloroplast bacteria

104
Q

Luca

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

105
Q

Proteobacteria

A

largest phylum of bacteria

106
Q

Can Endospores Live forever

A

some live for millions of years. Limited by Cosmic Radiation

107
Q

Cosmic Radiation

A

very powerful genetic mutation, harm endospores

108
Q

Pasteur’s Effect

A
  • fermentation.
  • Any organism can ferment & respire glucose
109
Q

Biofilms

A
  • stick to surfaces, form a microbial community
  • ex pet bow, teeth, fouling equipment
  • polysaccharide matriz
  • viewed by Multiple fluorescent labeling (many species at once)
110
Q

DNA derived from

A
  • RNA
111
Q

Virus invented

A
  • DNA
  • to protect their genomes from host cell enzymes
  • rever trancription is said to be ancient
  • DNA poly of bacteriophage closely related to DNA Poly of Euks
112
Q

CRISPR

A
  • Clustered Rgularly Interspaced Short Paindromic Repeats
  • tackles RNA & DNa viruses
  • encoded by genes upstream
113
Q

RNA was the orginial

A

genetic material of cells

114
Q

Toll-Like Receptor??

A

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